45℃人工加速老化对不同品种小麦种子生理生化特性的影响

以百农160、百农矮抗58和泛麦8号3个小麦品种为材料,人工老化处理时间分别为0、1、2 d,结果表明:发芽率随处理时间的变化不大、TTC还原强度随处理时间的增加逐渐降低、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量随着处理时间的延长逐渐升高,尤其百农矮抗58小麦的变化明显。     

山东省尾孢菌属真菌新记录种

为了丰富中国丝孢目真菌资源及分布研究,采用形态学鉴定的方法研究采自山东省的真菌标本。报道尾孢属真菌7个山东省新记录种,包括芹菜尾孢、青葙尾孢、福士尾孢、大尾孢、菊池尾孢、蓼尾孢和无患子生尾孢。对这些种所致植物病害症状及形态特征分别进行描述,并附有线条图。     

VA菌根真菌对苹果幼苗生长发育的影响

以1年生的红富士（Malus pumila Mill）树苗为试材,移栽过程中在根系附近添加50、100、150 mL 不同剂量的VA 真菌菌剂来研究VA 真菌对苹果幼苗生长发育的影响遥结果表明院与对照相比,VA 真菌的添加明显提高了真菌在根系中的定植率袁显著改善了苹果幼苗叶片的营养状况,促进了叶片氮尧磷尧钾含量和株高的增加,VA真菌的定植提高了叶片CAT 和SOD 的活性,降低了叶片MDA 的含量,增强了苹果幼苗的抗病性,菌根化的苹果幼苗成活率明显提高,其中100 mL 及150 mL处理的成活率均达到100%。综合分析认为袁每株苹果幼苗添加150 mL 的VA 真菌菌剂有利于苹果幼苗的生长发育,降低了其死亡率。     

绣线菊内生真菌的分离及对植物病原菌的抑制作用

采用组织分离法,以PDA培养基为分离培养基,从绣线菊的根、茎和叶中分离获得39株内生真菌。平板对峙结果表明, 21株活性菌株对6种植物病原菌（辣椒疫霉病原菌、番茄枯萎病原菌、苹果腐烂病原菌、苹果炭疽病原菌、葡萄灰霉病原菌、小麦赤霉病原菌）有不同程度的抑制作用,其中菌株XXT10对苹果腐烂病原菌、苹果炭疽病原菌、番茄枯萎病原菌、小麦赤霉病原菌的抑制率分别达到73.2%、72.5%、39.5%和42.7%。通过测得的ITS rDNA 序列与GenBank数据库中已知序列比对后该菌为链格孢属菌。生物学特性试验表明,该菌株在28～32℃时,选择PDA培养基,分别以乳糖和蛋白胨作为碳、氮源,酸碱度中性的条件下,菌落的生长状况最佳。     

AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的作用机制

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与大约80%的陆生高等植物形成共生体。由土传病原物侵染引起的土传病害被植物病理学界认定为最难防治的病害之一。研究表明,AM真菌能够拮抗由真菌、线虫、细菌等病原体引起的土传性植物病害,诱导宿主植物增强对病虫害的耐/抗病性。当前,利用AM真菌开展病虫害的生物防治已经引起生态学家和植物病理学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的最新研究进展,从AM真菌改变植物根系形态结构、调节次生代谢产物的合成、改善植物根际微环境、与病原微生物直接竞争入侵位点和营养分配、诱导植株体内抗病防御体系的形成等角度,探究AM真菌在植物病虫害防治中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展植物病虫害的生物防治提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。     

西瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对来自新疆等4个省区的14个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和鉴定,并测定了7种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子带菌的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为青霉属Penicillium spp.、根霉属Rhizopus spp.、曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、交链孢属Alternaria spp.和镰孢属Fusarium spp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属和曲霉属;不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15% FDDF ·霜·福悬浮种衣剂、福美双和代森锰锌对种子带菌消毒效果优于多菌灵、敌磺钠、 FDDF 霉灵、拌种灵和甲霜灵。     

食用菌菌渣综合利用研究进展

随着食用菌产业的发展,食用菌栽培后产生了大量的菌渣。但目前我国对菌渣的综合利用率还很低,大量的可再生资源菌渣被废弃,造成严重的环境污染。详细综述了食用菌菌渣利用的现状,对代替原材料栽培食用菌以及用作肥料、饲料、基质、生态环境的修复材料等方面的研究进行了系统总结和概括,并提出菌渣利用研究中存在问题和应用前景。     

The Effect of a Substrate Containing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizosphere Microorganisms (Trichoderma,Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces) and Foliar Fertilization on Growth Response and Rhizosphere pH of Three Strawberry Cultivars

Abstract

Vegetatively propagated plants of three strawberry cultivars-‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’-were grown for 20 weeks in rhizoboxes filled with 1.85 kg of sterilized mineral soil. Ten plants were treated with an N-P-K foliar fertilizer (F, control), or inoculated with a substrate containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma viride and rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR-Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) without any fertilization (M), or inoculated with the mixture of microorganisms and treated with the foliar fertilizer (MF). Total plant biomass was increased by the M treatment in all cultivars. M treatment resulted in higher total root length and number of root tips in ‘Senga Sengana’, whereas the other two cultivars showed different responses of root morphology. Shoot/root ratio was decreased by the M and MF treatments in comparison with control plants. Foliar fertilization of inoculated plants caused different growth responses in the three cultivars and a general decrease of root growth. After the MF treatment, the biomass of ‘Senga Sengana’ increased and the biomass of ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’ decreased. Inoculation with the mycorrhiza-PGPR substrate increased rhizosphere pH irrespective of foliar fertilization. Plant mineral content was highly modified by the treatments in all the cultivars examined. In particular, changes were noted in N, P, K, Fe, B and Mn uptake. The results show an interaction between foliar fertilization and root inoculation with microorganisms, as well as genotype-dependent influences, on growth responses and rhizosphere pH of strawberry plants.     

Cultural Variation and Mycorrhizal Status of Blueberry Plants in NW Oregon Commercial Production Fields

ABSTRACT

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form symbiotic relationships with roots of blueberry plants providing increased access to nutrients from fertilizers and soil. In August of 2001, we sampled 55 fields in Oregon to assess the mycorrhizal status of blueberry plants under production conditions and to determine whether any relationships exist between field characteristics, root distribution, soil characteristics and level of colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. Variation in measured soil characteristics, root type, root distribution and mycorrhizal colonization occurred with cultivar, field age, bed type, rate of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation type, and mulch. Root biomass was lower in the upper 15 cm of soil compared to 15-30 cm depth. Distribution of roots between the two sampled depths varied significantly with field age, nitrogen fertilization rate, and the time of 50% harvest for the different cultivars sampled. Root length was generally greatest in the upper 15 cm of the soil than at the 15-30 cm depth. Root colonization by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) ranged from 0.5 to 44% of total root length with higher colonization generally occurring in the upper 15 cm of the soil where the majority of smaller, finer roots were found. Colonization generally increased with increasing plant age. In young plants the highest levels of colonization were found in roots from the upper 15 cm of soil while in older plants the highest levels of colonization were found in roots at the 15-30 cm depth. Colonization of roots by EMF in the upper 15 cm of the soil tended to decrease with increasing N fertilization rate, while root colonization at the 15-30 cm depth was unaffected by rate of N fertilization. Roots on cultivars that fruited early in the season tended to have higher levels of colonization than cultivars that fruited later in the growing season. Root biomass and root length were negatively correlated with soil pH and available Ca in soil, while root colonization by EMF was negatively correlated with ammonium levels in the soil. Differences in soil characteristics, root type and distribution, and mycorrhizal colonization found in this study need to be investigated in terms of production efficiency of blueberry in Oregon.     

Contribution of Roots and Mycorrhizal Hyphae on Phosphorus Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays,L.) Genotypes Grown on Calcareous Soil—A Mechanistic Modeling Approach

ABSTRACT

This work was conducted to study phosphorus (P) efficiency of two maize genotypes (Zea mays, L.) in calcareous soil grown in potted soil with two levels of P in soil by adding 40 and 270 mg P/kg soil. Half of the pots were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Rhizoglomus irregulare). The maize genotypes were harvested two times at 35 and 50 days after transplanting. The plant dry matter, root length and Plant P uptake of maize genotype Hagen 1 without mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased significantly compared with Hagen 9 at a low P level. In contrast, there was no significant difference between two maize genotypes inoculated with AMF under the same P level. The predicted value increased rapidly with increasing P levels from about 70% up to 97% in both maize genotypes with and without mycorrhizal fungi. At a low P level, the mycorrhizae hyphae contributed by about 31.6% and 30.2% of the predicted total P uptake in maize genotype Hagen 1 and Hagen 9, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the P-inefficient genotype Hagen 9 improved with inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under a low P level at the same conditions of this experiment. Also, root growth system and mycorrhizal hyphae length would be a suitable plant parameter for studying P efficient maize genotypes, especially under limited P supply. The current study clearly pointed out that the mechanistic simulation model (NST 3.0) provides useful tools for studying the role of AMF in P uptake of plant.