AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的作用机制

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与大约80%的陆生高等植物形成共生体。由土传病原物侵染引起的土传病害被植物病理学界认定为最难防治的病害之一。研究表明,AM真菌能够拮抗由真菌、线虫、细菌等病原体引起的土传性植物病害,诱导宿主植物增强对病虫害的耐/抗病性。当前,利用AM真菌开展病虫害的生物防治已经引起生态学家和植物病理学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的最新研究进展,从AM真菌改变植物根系形态结构、调节次生代谢产物的合成、改善植物根际微环境、与病原微生物直接竞争入侵位点和营养分配、诱导植株体内抗病防御体系的形成等角度,探究AM真菌在植物病虫害防治中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展植物病虫害的生物防治提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。

Mechanism of biological control to plant diseases using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the widely spread micro-organisms, which could form symbionts with more than 80% of the vascular plants in natural ecosystems. It has been showed that AM symbionts could improve plant nutrients and water absorption; increase the resistance ability to stress conditions, thus AM fungi could enhance the host plant growth. The plant soil-borne diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens, including fungi, nematodes and bacteria, are considered as one of the most difficult controlling diseases in agriculture ecosystem. Previous studies have been demonstrated that AM symbionts could increase plant resistance to diseases, and to antagonize soil-borne pathogens. Thus, using AM fungi as a biological control method to antagonize soil-borne pathogens has received increasing interests by phytopathologists and ecologists. On the basis of this, the mechanisms of resistance to diseases induced by AM fungi were summarized in this paper. Mechanisms covered in this review include root morphology alteration, regulation of secondary metabolite production, improvement of rhizosphere environments, competition with pathogenic microorganisms on invasive sites and on nutrition distribution in host plants, and formation of defense systems in plants. Firstly, the characteristics of root morphology alterations were explained, including how AM fungi influence their structures and functions. Secondly, the regulation of AM fungi to secondary metabolites was illustrated. Several types of products, including phytoalexin, callose, alkaloid and phenols were reviewed. Thirdly, AM fungi could improve the rhizosphere environments by influence soil physical and chemical proprieties, and enhance the growth of other beneficial microorganism in rhizosphere soil. Fourth, AM fungi could compete with pathogenic microorganisms. The two kinds of microorganisms maybe compete for the same invasive sites in root systems, and thus they could regulate the nutrition distribution. Fifth, AM fungi could induced the host plant to form the defense systems in plants, including improvement the concentrations of phytohormone, induced the production of signal substrates, regulation of genes expression and enhanced the proteins production, thus AM fungi could enhance the resistance ability of host plant to pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this paper was to enhance the potential use of AM fungi as a biological control method for preventing plant diseases in future.