不同机采棉行距配置对棉花生长发育及光合物质生产的影响

以新陆早32号为供试材料,在新疆自然生态环境下研究不同机采棉行距配置(66+10 cm、72+4 cm)对棉花生长发育及其光合物质生产的影响。结果表明:72+4模式利于棉花前期生长,因其地膜覆盖率高,采光面积大,地温高;66+10模式利于棉花中后期的生长,因其通风透光性强;其中66+10模式与72+4模式相比,棉花生育时期提前3 d,株高高于72+4模式15.66%,叶片多于72+4模式13.53%,两者差异达到显著水平,以此为基础,66+10模式下棉花营养生长和生殖生长得到有效合理的协调,并促进了生殖器官干物质的积累,且因中后期的通风透光性强,提高了外围铃比例,为增产做贡献。     

城市公园适老性规划设计研究

以绵阳市五一广场为例,通过现场调研、问卷调查及访谈等方式,研究老年人在城市公园中的活动内容、活动方式及对于公园的使用需求,对比总结公园现状在适老性方面存在的问题,并提出城市公园适老性规划设计的一般原则及公园道路、基础设施、管理等适老性规划设计方法。     

混播方式对无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地植物生长效率及混播效应的影响

本研究从混播牧草相对生长效率和种间竞争动态的角度出发,利用盆栽试验分析和比较不同混播方式下无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)的相对生长速率、叶绿素荧光参数、牧草相对产量及相对产量总和,以期明确无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地的种间竞争过程和混播优势产生机制。结果表明,两种牧草株高相对生长速率和密度相对生长速率均表现出混播大于单播,行距30cm异行混播表现出较高的相对生长速率。异行混播下无芒雀麦相对密度(RD_g)和红豆草相对密度(RD_l)均高于同行混播,行距30cm异行混播下红豆草RD_l和相对产量(RY)均较高;同行混播和行距30cm异行混播具有较高的相对产量总和(RYT)。无芒雀麦叶片的初始荧光效率(F_o)和最大荧光(F_m)均为异行混播高于单播,叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)则是单播高于同行混播;在不同混播方式下两种牧草叶片单位面积捕获的光能(TR_o/CS_o)值相差较小;行距30cm异行混播、行距45cm异行混播下两种牧草均具有较高叶绿素荧光参数。因此,行距30cm+异行混播具有较高群体光合效率和豆科牧草种间竞争力,形成了组分结构稳定、生产性能较高的群体。     

玉米行距变化对间作系统生产力及玉米生长的影响

间作系统中作物种间距离的变化直接影响着系统的生产力,因此,合理的种间配置是间作获得高产的前提。本研究总结归纳了2010年甘肃武威和2014年甘肃张掖的小麦/玉米、蚕豆/玉米间作系统玉米行距试验,旨在探明间作玉米在不同种植行距下对间作体系生产力的影响及玉米生长的差异。试验设置5个间作玉米的种植行距处理(D0:10 cm、D20:20 cm、D40:40 cm、D60:60cm、D80:80 cm),测定了作物产量、产量构成、生物量累积。结果表明:间作玉米行距变化对间作配对作物产量无显著影响,主要影响间作玉米产量;2010年,两间作体系间作玉米产量、体系混合产量、系统生产力(system productivity)均以D60最高,2014年均以D40最高;随玉米行距增大,系统生产力先增加后减小,拐点均出现在D60;玉米行距变化显著改变了玉米的穗粒数、百粒重、单株粒重;小麦/玉米体系,两年单株粒重峰值分别出现在D60(132 g·株~(-1))和D40(216 g·株~(-1));蚕豆/玉米体系均出现在D40,分别为158g·株~(-1)(2010年)和220 g·株~(-1)(2014年);不同行距处理下玉米共生期和单独生长期生长速率均存在差异,共生期各处理生长速率显著低于单独生长期,无论哪个时期,D40和D60处理的生长速率均占优。河西灌区小麦/玉米和蚕豆/玉米间作中玉米种植的最佳行距为40 cm和60 cm,此行距下间作系统可得到最大系统生产力。     

Stand dynamics and tree quality response to precommercial thinning in a northern hardwood forest of the Acadian forest region: 23 years of intermediate results

In the late 1980s, large forest companies began precommercial thinning (PCT) operations in young northern hardwood cutovers in New Brunswick, Canada. To provide supporting growth and yield information, an industrial experiment was established at residual stand densities of 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200?stems?ha^?1. Stand responses were examined for measurements recorded at 0 (1987), 5 (1992), 10 (1997), 16 (2003), and 23 (2010) years after establishment. Average diameter at breast height, quadratic mean diameter, stand basal area, and stand total volume growth increased as stem density decreased from PCT. There were significant linear differences for many of these variables between treatments and time periods (year). No significant differences were detected in tree height between treatments. In 2010, the four PCT thinning treatments did not exhibit any differences in potential sawlogs at 2.4?m (8?ft) and 3.6?m (12?ft) lengths. Significant differences were observed for 4.9?m (16?ft) sawlogs that were produced at the least dense spacing (1300?stems?ha^?1). Results from this study and recommendations from the European literature suggest that value-added timber products may be produced from more intense PCT treatments than are currently being practiced on sites dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.).     

Crown and branch attributes of mid-aged Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density

Both crown and branch characteristics greatly affect tree growth and timber quality, and their development is closely related to planting density (PD). Here crown and branch attributes of Betula alnoides were investigated in a 14-year-old experimental plantation in southern China with five planting densities ranging from 500 to 3333 stems per hectare (sph). The results showed that high PD significantly reduced crown and branch sizes. The ratios of crown diameter to stem diameter at breast height at the stand level and for dominant and co-dominant trees were almost constant regardless of PD. PD also had no significant influence on the number and angle of branches, and only planting with the highest density significantly increased branch density and mortality. Insertion angle (IA) of dead branches was greater than that of live branches and these differences were significant at the two low planting densities (833 and 500?sph). Linear mixed models revealed that branch diameter (BD) was negatively correlated with its relative height in the crown and IA. The binary-logistic regression model indicated that branch status (live or dead) was codetermined by BD and PD. These findings can help farmers cultivate high-quality wood of B. alnoides and obtain a higher economic return.     

加装导流板的舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器性能分析与试验

马铃薯播种机排种器的投种角度、速度、高度以及种薯与土壤接触后的弹跳等对马铃薯排种器播种质量影响较大,针对上述问题,该文研制了舀勺式马铃薯排种器的投种结构,设计加装了导流板。通过对导流板的性能分析、种薯投种过程及种薯与沟底碰撞过程的运动学分析,确定了影响播种效果的因素;以主动轮转速、机组前进速度、投种高度为主要因素,株距变异系数、漏播率、重播率为试验指标进行田间试验,并进行了旋转正交试验回归分析。试验结果表明:经参数优化后的马铃薯排种器具有较好的播种质量,当主动轮转速为42 r/min、前进速度为1.2m/s、投种高度为640mm时,其株距变异系数平均值为12.5%、漏播率平均值为2.21%、重播率平均值为3.56%,其标准均高于传统的舀勺式排种器,播种效果提升显著(P0.01)。该研究为马铃薯排种器技术进步提供了参考。     

Cover crop and plant density in seed production of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Seed crops of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are usually established with a cover crop. Provided sufficient light, white clover may compensate for low plant density by stoloniferous growth. Our objectives were (1) to compare spring barley or spring wheat used as cover crops for white clover and (2) to find the optimal seeding rate/row distance for white clover. Seven field trials were conducted in Southeast Norway from 2000 to 2003. Barley was seeded at 360 and 240 seeds m^?2 and wheat at 525 and 350 seeds m^?2. White clover was seeded perpendicularly to the cover crop at 400 seeds m^?2/13 cm row distance or 200 seeds m^?2/26 cm. Results showed that light penetration in spring and early summer was better in wheat than in barley. On average for seven trials, this resulted in 11% higher seed yield after establishment in wheat than in barley. The 33% reduction in cover crop seeding rate had no effect on white clover seed yield for any of the cover crops. Reducing the seeding rate/doubling the row distance of white clover had no effect on seed yield but resulted in slightly earlier maturation of the seed crop.     

马铃薯精密播种机智能控制系统设计

针对现有马铃薯播种机播种株距控制精准度不高、易产生重种漏种等问题,研发了一种由主控制模块、检测模块、株距控制模块和振动强度控制模块等7个模块组成的马铃薯精密播种机智能控制系统,采用液压马达控制薯种输送带运转,步进电机控制薯种输送带的振动强度,实现了播种株距和重种漏种率的自动控制.试验结果表明,播种速度相同时,实际播种株距相对于设定播种株距的平均偏差依次增大,播种速度越高实际播种株距的稳定性越差;薯种输送带振动强度越强,重种率越低,漏种率越高,各因素对重种漏种率影响的主次顺序为:薯种输送带振动强度＞播种速度＞薯种质量,且薯种输送带振动强度对重种率、薯种输送带振动强度和播种速度对漏种率有显著影响;较佳的播种作业参数为:薯种输送带振动强度为Ⅱ级(即轻微振动时)、播种速度为1.16 m/s及薯种质量为35 g.经2～3个周期即可调整到允许范围内,且稳定性好.因此,完全能够满足种植户的实际播种作业要求,为智能控制马铃薯精密播种装备的后续研发提供参考.     

宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨吸水根系的空间分布与模拟

研究三倍体毛白杨Populus tomentosa吸水根系空间分布特征是建立三倍体毛白杨根系吸水模型的基础。采用根钻法对宽窄行栽植模式下毛白杨吸水根系的空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：垂直方向上,宽、窄行内的吸水根系均在0 ～ 60 cm递减,但在60 ～ 80 cm又有小幅度增加;且根系主要分布区域都在0 ～ 20 cm土层内,根长密度分别达到0.080 cm·cm^-3和0.074 cm·cm^-3,约占各自系统总根量的44.14%和48.71%;相同水平方向0 ～ 100 cm范围内宽行各土层的根长密度较窄行相应土层均有大幅度增加,增加量分别为35.45%,36.76%,71.67%和72.27%。水平方向上,宽行20 ～ 200 cm内毛白杨根长密度呈指数递减分布;吸水根系主要集中分布在20～80 cm内,该区域总根长密度为0.250 cm·cm^-3,约占系统总根量的49.20%;窄行内吸水根系的水平分布不规律,各土层不同带距间根长密度差异不显著。对窄行拟合了一维根长密度分布函数,决定系数为0.288;对宽行拟合了二维根长密度分布函数,复相关系数达到0.538。研究结果将为进一步探索毛白杨速生丰产林根区的土壤水分动态以及土壤?鄄植物?鄄大气连续体（SPAC）系统中的水分传输机制提供基础资料和理论支持。图5表2参12