条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学

采用解剖和光镜技术研究条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学。条石鲷消化道包括具有发达颌齿的口咽腔，食道，胃，小肠和直肠。食道上皮组织可分为两个区域－头部和尾部，头部区域由扁平上皮层构成，尾部区域的上皮组织由单层柱状上皮细胞所构成，上皮含有大量 杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞.胃呈V形，其粘膜上皮由单层柱状上皮组成，贲门部和胃体部上皮下有发达的胃腺组织。小肠上皮为具微绒毛的单层柱状上皮，肠道粘膜固有层中有管状肠腺存在；直肠上皮为单层柱状上皮，缺乏粘膜肌。小肠和直肠上皮中均分布有较多的杯状细胞，肠道系数约为0.78。在整个消化道中发现有四种杯状细胞。本文研究了条石鲷消化道的显微结构，并探讨了其消化道的组织学和解剖学特征与其杂食性的适应。     

6个不同水域刀鲚的形态特征与聚类分析

为研究刀鲚(Coilia nasus)不同水域形态特点和分布特点,运用多元统计方法对嵊泗群体(嵊泗海域)、长江流域群体(长江河口、长江泰州段与鄱阳湖)和湖泊群体(洪泽湖与巢湖)的刀鲚24个形态性状指标进行形态差异性分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,各群体之间除尾柄高外其余指标均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。聚类分析结果显示,长江流域群体与嵊泗群体之间形态最为接近相聚成一个类群,洪泽湖群体和巢湖群体分别形成两个类群,并运用差异系数检验显示,这三个类群之间形态多样性差异尚未达到亚种水平,属于同一种群。主成分分析提取了6个特征值大于1的形态指标,累积贡献率为75.784%,并发现各水域刀鲚形态差异表现在头胸部、腹部与尾部性状上。判别分析中,综合判别率为87.9%。研究结果表明,嵊泗群体和长江流域群体形态最为接近,说明嵊泗群体最有可能洄游进入长江;而湖泊群体与嵊泗群体、长江流域群体形态有显著差异,说明湖泊群体的刀鲚最有可能为淡水定居型长颌鲚。     

黄海北部发现的中华白海豚Ⅰ.外形和内脏器官的测定结果

中华白海豚(SousaChinensis)属于国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,在中国主要分布于广西、海南、广东、香港、澳门、台湾、福建、浙江沿岸,向北可达长江口。2003年5月9日在黄海北部(北纬39°35′01″,东经122°51′50″),由于渔业生产误捕的中华白海豚,是迄今为止该种发现的最北记录,笔者报告了对该海豚的外形和内脏器官测定结果。     

鼠尾藻有性繁殖和幼孢子体发育的形态学观察

野外跟踪观测烟台芦洋湾地区鼠尾藻的成熟繁殖状况,采集临近成熟的鼠尾藻至实验室培养,跟踪观测其卵子的排放、卵子和受精卵的发育、假根的生长以及幼孢子体的前期发育。试验结果表明,本地区鼠尾藻繁殖期集中在6—8月,鼠尾藻的卵子发育属8核1卵型,卵子受精后约20 h开始脱离生殖托,受精卵先连续进行2次的横分裂,而后再由一端的1个细胞发育成假根,另外2个发育成体细胞。幼孢子体在约2 mm时开始形成分枝突起。     

Effect of different levels of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) on performance,intestinal Escherichia coli colonization and jejunal morphology in laying hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) on performance, intestinal Escherichia coli count and morphology of jejunal epithelial cells in laying hens. A total of 100 Leghorn laying hens (Hy‐Line W‐36) of 49 weeks old were randomly distributed among five cage replicates of five birds each. Experimental diets consisted of different levels (0%, 1%, 2% and 3% of diet) of dietary black cumin inclusion. The experimental period lasted for a total of 10 weeks, and egg quality indexes and laying hens' performance were measured as two 35‐day trial periods. At the final day, two hens per replicate were slaughtered to investigate the influence of dietary treatments on intestinal E. coli colonization and morphology of jejunal cells. Although dietary black cumin in all supplementation levels decreased (p < 0.05) the enumeration of ileal E. coli, the morphological and histological alterations in small intestine such as enhancement of villus height to crypt depth ratio, increased goblet cell numbers and proliferation of lamina propria lymphatic follicles were observed after dietary supplementation with at least 2% black cumin. Dietary treatments decreased (p < 0.05) the concentration of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and increased (p < 0.05) serum HDL concentration and relative weight of pancreas; however, the egg yolk cholesterol was not influenced by dietary treatments. In addition, dietary supplementation with black cumin improved (p < 0.05) eggshell quality and Haugh unit. The best feed conversion ratio was obtained when diets were supplemented with 2% black cumin. This improvement was due to the increase (p < 0.05) in egg mass and contemporaneous decrease (p < 0.01) in feed consumption. The present results indicated that regardless of supplementation level, dietary inclusion of black cumin decreased E. coli enumeration in ileal digesta and improved serum lipid profile and eggshell quality, whereas the best intestinal health indices and haying hens' performance were obtained by at least 2% black cumin seeds.     

苦豆籽粕-两歧双歧杆菌-唾液乳杆菌合生元对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

为观察苦豆籽粕-两歧双歧杆菌-唾液乳杆菌合生元对早期断奶仔猪不同时期小肠黏膜绒毛长度、隐窝深度和绒腺比的影响,试验选用60头（21±2）日龄体质量相近的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头仔猪。试验组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上分别添加0．5％,1．0％,2．0％的合生元,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验期4周。结果表明,合生元组可显著提高仔猪小肠绒毛的高度,其中2．0％舍生元组效果较好;对小肠黏膜隐窝深度方面的差异不显著;饲喂合生元可以提高小肠黏膜绒腺比,其中以0．5％合生元组和2．0％合生元组效果明显。在本试验饲养方式下,苦豆籽粕一两歧双歧杆菌一唾液乳杆菌合生元可以改善肠道黏膜形态结构,尤以2．0％剂量组效果较好,适宜于生产实践。     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

Myxobolid parasites infecting the gills of the Iberian nase, Chondrostoma polylepis (Steindachner), in Galicia (NW Spain), with a description of Myxobolus gallaicus sp. nov.

Three species of myxobolid parasites were found infecting the gills of the Iberian nase, Chondrostoma polylepis , in the River Ulla (Galicia, NW Spain), Myxobolus leuciscini , M. impressus and M. gallaicus sp. nov., which is described herein. Myxobolus leuciscini locates in the intralamellar space and the plasmodium begins to develop in the endothelium of the capillaries of the secondary lamellae. Myxobolus impressus plasmodia are located in the interlamellar multilayered epithelium. Myxobolus gallaicus plasmodia are elongated and are located exclusively in the central venous sinus of the branchial filament, suggesting that they begin their development in branchial endothelial tissue. We also present data on spore size and morphology, plasmodium and pansporoblast characteristics and pathological effects of the three species in the host branchial tissues.     

五种西方蜜蜂品种形态指标差异性比较

采集吉林的东北黑蜂×意蜂、云南景洪的浙大蜜浆蜜胶、云南景洪的白山6号、云南个旧蛮耗的本地王和云南蒙自草坝的浙大蜜浆高产5种西方蜜蜂子代工蜂共8群样本,每群测定分析15只,测定每只工蜂38个形态指标。结果表明不同生产性能的西方蜜蜂在形态特征上都表现出差异性(P≤0.01,或0.01P≤0.05,或P0.05),通过实验,为蜜蜂生产上培育杂种优势西方蜜蜂品种提供有力的理论依据。     

不同鳊鲂属鱼类群体的形态差异分析

运用3种多元统计方法对我国鳊属长春鳊(Parabramis.pekinensis)、鲂属团头鲂(Megalobrama.amblycephala)、东江三角鲂(Megalobrama.terminalis)、钱塘江三角鲂(Megalobrama.terminalis)、厚颌鲂(Megalobrama.pellegrini)和广东鲂(Megalobrama.hoffmanni)6个群体的可数性状、可量性状和框架性状的形态学差异进行了分析。结果显示,鳊鲂属鱼类6群体在侧线鳞数、侧线上鳞数、侧线下鳞数、背鳍条数、胸鳍条数、腹鳍条数、臀鳍条数等7项形态可数性状上的差异不显著(P0.05)。对9项可量比例参数和20项框架比例参数的聚类分析结果表明,团头鲂与同属的厚颌鲂、三角鲂亲缘关系较近,这3个鲂属种群与鳊属长春鳊形态差异较大,与同为鲂属的广东鲂形态差别最大;另外,聚类分析表明三角鲂的2个地理群体(东江三角鲂、钱塘江三角鲂)也存在一定的形态差异。判别分析构建了鳊鲂属鱼类6群体的判别函数,其综合判别率为93.7%。主成分分析提取的前2个主成分的累积贡献率为77.9%,其中主成分1的贡献率为70.9%,对鳊鲂属鱼类群体间形态学差异起决定性作用的特征集中在背腹轴方向。