Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.     

Starch granule size variation and relationship with tuber dry matter content in heritage potato varieties

Heritage potato varieties in Canada are historic old varieties collected from Canada and various countries before the formal establishment of the Canadian plant variety registration system and may be a valuable gene resource for beneficial traits in potato breeding and bioproducts development. Greater evaluation is the key for the enhanced use of these materials. It is unknown how much variation of starch granules occurs among Canadian heritage potato varieties. We analyzed the starch granule size of 14 potato heritage varieties held in the Canadian Plant Gene Resources collection over 2 years using a squeezed juice and microscopic method recently developed at the Potato Research Centre. The varieties demonstrated considerable variation in starch granule size and shape. The granules showed average lengths ranging from 18 μm in the variety Congo to 32 μm in ‘Russet Burbank’. The largest single granule measured from 64 μm in ‘Congo’ to 91 μm in ‘Crotte d’Ours.’ The granule sizes of the varieties showed a very high correlation (r = 0.975, P < 0.0001) between years. This high reproducibility suggests the existence of genetic factors in determining starch granule size. We also found that the starch granule size is positively correlated with tuber dry matter (in terms of specific gravity) in these heritage potatoes. The results demonstrated reproducible genotypic variation for starch granule size and shape in tubers with a significant correlation to tuber dry matter in these heritage potato varieties, and offers the possibility for and agronomic relevance of genetic modification of starch granules through selective breeding.     

甘薯矿质元素吸收与分配特性研究

在大田条件下,研究了甘薯品种北京553不同时期不同器官干物质的积累与分配规律,并分析其中各矿质元素含量的变化情况。结果表明,甘薯干物质前期积累少,中后期快速积累,并逐渐由地上部转移至块根中。各矿质元素在甘薯不同器官的积累量随植株生长而增加,但分配率不同,前期各元素集中于地上部,中后期逐渐转移至块根中。甘薯一生吸收最多的元素是氮、钾和钙,其中氮和钙主要在前中期积累且分布在地上部,钾则主要在中后期积累且分布于块根。微量元素中,甘薯对铁的需求较大,主要时期是生长中期并多分布于地上部。单位产量的需肥规律与矿质元素的吸收规律一致,可以根据需肥规律来指导生产,合理施肥。     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Relationships in Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L.) using AFLP and ISSR Markers

Opaque endosperm is the main phenotypic indicator for waxy rice, but other phenotypic and genotypic variation among waxy rice accessions has largely been ignored. Previous studies showed that wide diversity in starch physiochemical properties exists in both indica and japonica waxy rices, especially for starch gelatinization temperature (GT) which could be divided into a high- and a low-GT group. In the present study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were employed to examine genetic diversity and relationships of 56 waxy rice accessions. A total of 358 AFLP fragments were amplified with five primer combinations, showing a high level of polymorphism (78.3%). A total of 190 ISSR bands were generated with a single primer and a primer pair, showing a very high level of polymorphism (92.2%). The genetic distance matrices obtained from the two sets of markers were significantly correlated (r = 0.731, P = 0.004). The dendrogram generated with combined AFLP and ISSR markers could clearly differentiate the indica and japonica groups. Newly released varieties and breeding lines within each subspecies tended to be clustered together, whereas landraces were more distantly placed in the dendrogram. Only one AFLP band was found specific to the indica type, while no specific bands were found for starch GT. The implications for the conservation and breeding of waxy rice are discussed.     

南疆引种马铃薯不同生态条件下的淀粉含量与淀粉产量

[目的]研究南疆引种的马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在不同生态条件下的淀粉含量及淀粉产量,以确定特定生态地区适宜种植的马铃薯品种类型,为种植者及加工企业跨地区引种栽培马铃薯提供科学依据。[方法]将南疆引种的7个不同马铃薯品种在南疆2种不同生态类型的新疆建设兵团农一师四团和九团2个地区进行种植,进行淀粉含量和淀粉产量的测定和评价。[结果]费乌瑞它是淀粉含量高且稳定性比较好的品种,定选2号是淀粉含量最低且稳定性比较差的品种。在四团和九团淀粉产量比较高的品种是大西洋和费乌瑞它。[结论]马铃薯品种自身的遗传特性对淀粉含量起主导作用,而生态条件对淀粉产量形成起着重要作用。     

红外光谱技术在淀粉粒有序结构分析中的应用

傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)可用于研究淀粉粒的有序结构,包括透射模式和衰减全反射模式2种。本文探讨不同去卷积设置条件对FTIR波谱的影响,并分析FTIR在淀粉粒有序结构分析中的应用。研究结果表明,不同去卷积设置对FTIR波谱和相关峰强度影响较大,以半峰宽19 cm^-1和增强因子1.9的设置对FTIR原始波谱去卷积,获得的结果较好。天然淀粉晶体类型不同,其FTIR波谱有差异,表现在马铃薯和山药淀粉的衰减全反射FTIR波谱相似,与水稻淀粉明显不同;水稻和马铃薯淀粉透射FTIR波谱相似,与山药淀粉明显不同。淀粉中的水分含量影响衰减全反射FTIR波谱,当水分含量超过60%时,对波谱分析结果基本没有影响。酸水解优先降解淀粉粒无定形区的结构成分,提高淀粉粒的有序度。淀粉葡糖苷酶水解淀粉对淀粉粒外部区域的有序度影响不大,但明显提高整个淀粉粒的有序度。不同品质稻米淀粉的衰减全反射FTIR波谱相似。上述研究结果为应用FTIR分析淀粉粒有序结构提供重要的参考作用。     

不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮在徐淮白山羊消化道内降解利用的研究

[目的]研究不同SC/NSC比例日粮对徐淮白山羊消化道内碳水化合物消化率的影响。[方法]选取4只体况良好,体重(32±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,饲喂4种不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮,其结构性碳水化物与非结构性碳水化合物的比例(SC/NSC)分别为3.52(Ⅰ)、2.06(Ⅱ)、1.28(Ⅲ)和0.84(Ⅳ)。[结果]降低SC/NSC比例,可以一定程度上提高徐淮白山羊瘤胃内和肠道内干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及淀粉的消化利用率。随着SC/NSC的比例降低,DM与OM消化率显著升高,其中Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);NDF消化率表现为先升高后降低,Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);ADF与淀粉在整个消化道的消化率也表现为先升高后降低的趋势,但ADF消化率各组间差异不显著,而Ⅰ和Ⅱ2组的淀粉消化率则显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),并极显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.01)。[结论]日粮SC/NSC为1.28时,可以提高徐淮白山羊能量利用效率。     

羧酸酯淀粉取代度的检测方法研究

羧酸酯淀粉是一类重要的淀粉衍生物,已广泛应用于多个工业领域。在众多领域中,准确测量酯化淀粉取代度,对于建立淀粉改性程度与聚合物结构功能关系具有重要意义。介绍了近年来淀粉羧酸酯取代度的检测方法,并对各检测方法的特点进行了比较。     

密度和施肥对甘薯品种万薯5号淀粉含量的影响

以密度、土壤中N总量、P2O5总量和K2O总量为4个处理因素,采用四因素三水平三重复正交设计,探讨不同栽培措施对专用型甘薯万薯5号淀粉率的影响。研究结果表明:各因素对其淀粉含量的影响各不相同,密度和土壤中N含量对万薯5号淀粉率有极显著影响;P2O5含量和K2O含量对其有显著影响。     

四川芋种质资源球茎主要营养成分分析

以42份四川芋种质资源为试验材料,分析球茎成熟期主要营养成分。结果显示,母芋的干物质平均含量23.4%,蛋白质2.73%,淀粉14.65%,支链淀粉12.53%,VC 5.56 mg/100 g。子芋干物质平均含量24.31%,蛋白质2.57%,淀粉15.55%,支链淀粉13.26%,VC 7.00 mg/100 g。芋球茎质地口感和主要营养成分含量有一定相关性。