Performance of Agricultural Systems under Contrasting Growing Season Conditions in South-western Quebec

Climate change will alter temperature and rainfall patterns over North American agricultural regions and there will be a need to adapt crop production systems to the altered conditions. A set of field experiments were conducted in south-western Quebec, Canada, with soybean ( Glycine max L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) × sudangrass ( Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrid and switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) under two tillage and three nitrogen fertility regimes, to study their performance in three successive growing seasons (2001–2003), two of them with unusually warm and dry conditions. The annual crops were established in two tillage systems: conventional and no-till (NT). All crops except soybean were fertilized with three levels of nitrogen: corn – 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹, sorghum-sudangrass – 0, 75 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹, switchgrass – 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹. The 2001 and 2002 seasons were hotter and drier than the 2003 season, which was the most favourable for crop growth. The capacity of the crops to yield in dry seasons was as follow: switchgrass > sorghum-sudangrass > corn > soybean. The corn and sorghum-sudangrass responses to nitrogen fertilizer were low in 2001 due to the combined effect of dry growing season and coarse soil texture. Soybean did not perform well under NT. Corn yielded better at the highest nitrogen fertilizer rate under NT when the early season was warmer than the normal. Our results show that switchgrass and sorghum-sudangrass could be an option in south-western Quebec if the frequency of hot and dry seasons increase in the future, because of climate change.     

Influences of human activity and climate on the stock-recruitment dynamics of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, in Lake Geneva

Abstract  Analysis of long-term catches from the deep peri-alpine Lake Geneva, showed a shift in the stock-recruitment relationship of Coregonus lavaretus (L.), a target species of commercial fishing. This change was mainly related to large-scale meteorological factors. Higher spring water temperatures may have improved larval survival and hence recruitment of whitefish via: (1) a better match between the hatching date of whitefish larvae and development of their zooplankton prey; and (2) the positive temperature effect on larval growth. In Lake Geneva, changes in regulatory mechanisms coupled with stocking and improved water-quality have led to an explosion in the C. lavaretus population in recent years. These results highlight the relevance of long-term changes in the stock-recruitment relationship for management of aquatic ecosystems that are sensitive to climate forcing.     

南疆阿拉尔垦区海岛棉耗水规律研究

通过对7个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量存在极显著差异。所有品种土壤含水量在不同土层的变化趋势基本一致,呈现出“Z”字型的规律性变化。即随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,80～100 cm土层土壤含水量又升高。含水量最高的土层是0～20 cm,最低的土层是60～80 cm。这种规律性变化与棉花生长特点、根系的发育特点以及吸收特点有关。534I、Z181、新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分地利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势。     

The impacts of climate change on potential natural vegetation distribution

Change in potential natural vegetation (PNV) distribution associated with climate change due to the doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide (2×CO₂) was estimated with a global natural vegetation mapping system based on the modified Kira scheme to the globe and the continents. With an input of widely-distributed global climate data, the system interpolates data onto a 1° latitude by 1° longitude grid over the globe, generates estimates of vegetation type, and produces a composite PNV map. The input climate data corresponding to the 1×CO₂ and 2×CO₂ consists of observations prior to AD 1958 at 2,001 weather stations worldwide and the 2×CO₂ simulation output from the Japan Meteorological Research Institue's General Circulation Model, respectively. As a result of the simulated global warming, the vegetation zones expanded mostly from the tropics toward the poles. PNV area changed by 6.98 billion (G) ha of the total land area (15.04 Gha) and potential forest area corresponding to the closed forest and open forest (woodland) reached 9.74 Gha with the increase of 1.29 Gha. The potential forest area in Europe had obvious advantages to the climate change accompanied with the increase of actual forest area. Although the actual forest area has decreased in North America and Asia, the potential forest area in these continents also benefitted from the climate change. In the end, the remaining continents tended to bear the brunt of the climate change.     

气候变化对中国东北地区生态与环境的影响

【研究目的】综述了气候变化对东北地区的影响,以期在区域发展中能利用气候变化的有利方面,降低其不利的影响;【方法】根据近年来发表的相关论文,文章综述了东北地区已经发生的气候变化影响及未来可能受到的影响;【结果】结果表明,过去100年东北地区的温度升高明显且降水普遍减少,干旱化趋势严峻。温度的升高改善了东北的热量资源,部分农业生产从中受益。但由于气候变化,目前特殊的生态系统如湿地,冻土退化或消失。未来的气候变化,会改变农业生产布局,降低主要作物的产量,生态系统结构发生改变,农牧带沙漠化的风险增加;【结论】东北地区必须客观认识气候变化的利弊影响,采取相应的适应和应对措施,促进区域发展。     

鸭肿头出血症病毒强毒的致病性及感染组织细胞的超微病理变化

将鸭肿头出血症病毒（DSHDV）强毒株以不同途径接种10日龄鸭胚，研究了病毒在鸭胚中的繁殖规律，并用透射电镜观察了感染鸭胚各组织器官的超微结构变化，同时用DSHDV人工感染不同日龄雏鸭，比较了不同感染途径对雏鸭的致病性和对不同日龄雏鸭的致病性。结果显示，尿囊腔和卵黄囊2种途径均能使病毒在鸭胚上繁殖并传代，对鸭胚的半数致死量分别为10^-7.24／0．2mL和10^-6.4／0．2mL。病毒感染鸭胚后，电镜下可观察到肝和尿囊膜中的病毒粒子，病毒粒子呈球形或椭圆形，大小为60～80nm，无囊膜；病毒在细胞浆内复制，可形成特征性包涵体；病毒侵害的主要靶器官为尿囊膜与肝，细胞器的变化主要表现为粗面内质网扩张以及线粒体肿胀和嵴断裂、消失。病毒经肌肉注射、口服和滴鼻均能使28日龄鸭感染发病，致死率分别为86％、89％和97％。研究表明，DSHDV能很好地在鸭胚上生长并致鸭胚各组织器官超微结构发生变化，不同感染途径均能使雏鸭感染发病且致病性强。     

Urbanization Development under Climate Change: Hydrological Responses in a Peri‐Urban Mediterranean Catchment

Relatively few studies have so far investigated the hydrological impacts of urbanization in Mediterranean catchments, and particularly in peri‐urban catchments experiencing relatively rapid and large changes in their land‐use mosaic. This study uses data‐based model simulations to investigate such impacts, with the Ribeira dos Covões catchment in Portugal as a concrete Mediterranean peri‐urban catchment example. We distinguish the impacts of urbanization from those of climatic change on the water flux partitioning and connectivity in the catchment over the period 1958–2013. Decrease in precipitation over this period has primarily driven decreases in annual runoff and actual evapotranspiration, while the urbanization development has primarily changed the relative flux partitioning and connectivity pattern in the catchment. The relative contribution of overland flow to annual and seasonal runoff has increased, keeping the absolute overland flow more or less intact, while the baseflow contribution to the stream network has decreased. Methodologically, the present simulation approach provides a relevant means for distinguishing main drivers of change in hydrological flux partitioning and connectivity under concurrent urbanization and climatic changes. © 2017 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

1980年以来长江流域低山丘陵区粮食生产态势分析——以湖北省咸宁市为例

咸宁市是长江流域低山丘陵区以农业为主的中等不发达城市之一,也是湖北省“人多耕地少”矛盾比较突出的地区。根据1980—2003年间的粮食产量和播种面积等方面的统计资料,对咸宁市粮食生产的发展变化趋势以及空间布局进行了分析和评价,结果显示20世纪80年代以来咸宁市粮食生产表现出明显的阶段性,先后经历了快速增长、徘徊不前、大幅度波动和逐年递减这4个阶段。作物结构方面,水稻、玉米、红薯、小麦、大豆和蚕豌豆一直是该市主要粮食作物,但所占比重发生了明显的变化,尤其是水稻,其播面和产量所占比例虽然始终各在60%和75%以上,但两项指标基本上都呈先升后降且降幅超过升幅的趋势。空间布局方面,水稻主要分布在沿江滨湖平原以及大型河流两侧的冲积平原,并且赤壁是该市水稻播面最大、产量最高的地区;嘉鱼、通山、崇阳和咸安则是小麦、红薯以及玉米的主产区。     

饲用麦类作物的生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律

为了探究饲用麦类作物生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律,2016-2018年在华北平原的河北衡水测定了黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦、粮饲兼用型小黑麦、燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦7类麦类作物从拔节期至蜡熟期的生长发育进程、生物量和营养成分含量动态变化。结果显示：黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦和粮饲兼用型小黑麦一般在5月中下旬达到乳熟期,而燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦一般在6月上旬。7类麦类作物的平均生物量从拔节期的2.72×10³ kg·hm^-2增长到蜡熟期的10.19×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中冬性饲用小黑麦在各个生育期生物量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高61.4%。7类麦类作物的粗蛋白含量随着生育期进程逐渐降低,淀粉含量逐渐升高,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量在开花期前逐渐升高,开花期后略有下降。采用Milk 2006综合评价7类麦类作物饲用品质显示,冬小麦从孕穗期后饲用品质优于其他6类麦类作物,吨干物质产奶量较其他6类麦类作物平均提高6.9%。综合生物量和饲用品质及生育期,冬性饲用小黑麦拔节期至蜡熟期hm²产奶量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高46.3%,综合表现好,适于在华北平原大面积推广种植。     

气候变化下子午沙鼠在中国的潜在分布分析

为探究气候变化下子午沙鼠在中国的潜在分布和时空变化,本研究利用子午沙鼠分布数据以及气候、地形等环境数据,基于最大熵模型(The maximum entropy,MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(Geographic information System,GIS)技术,分析大空间尺度上限制子午沙鼠地理分布的主导环境因子。结果表明：当前气候下子午沙鼠高适生区主要分布在甘肃河西走廊、内蒙古西南部、宁夏北部,以及新疆塔里木盆地和天山山脉之间、伊犁州和塔城等地区,中适生区主要分布在甘肃酒泉的北部,内蒙古西北部,青海中部以及新疆的大部分地区;温度是限制子午沙鼠分布的主导气候因子,其次是海拔,降水量也有一定影响。随着全球气候变暖,子午沙鼠生境适宜度提高,在中国的潜在分布范围将扩大。本研究对子午沙鼠危害监测预警和精准防控具有重要的指导意义。