红松高生长模型的研究(英文)

高生长模型是定量研究树木生长过程的有效途径,本文应用双曲线方程、Logistic方程、三个参数的Richards方程及四个参数的Richards方程对红松的高生长进行了研究。结果表明四个参数的Richards方程在模拟红松高生长时最为合适,且当其参数取不同的数值时,该方程可转化为其它理论方程。在使用四个参数的Richards方程时,可根据立地条件事先给定树高最大值,这样可使模型更符合实际情况。此外,文中还对一种以固定年龄时实际树高为参数值的模型进行了讨论,该模型对于计算给定树木的高生长将更为有效。     

N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soils

¹⁵N tracing studies in combination with analyses via process-based models are the current “state-of-the-art” technique to quantify gross nitrogen (N) transformation rates in soils. A crucial component of this technique is the optimization algorithm which primarily decides how many model parameters can simultaneously be estimated. Recently, we published a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method which has the potential to simultaneously estimate large number of parameters in ¹⁵N tracing models [Müller et al., 2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726].Here, we present the results of a reanalysis of datasets by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34], Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] and Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] using the MCMC technique. Analytical solutions such as the ones derived by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34] result in gross rates without uncertainties. We show that the analysis of the same data sets with the MCMC method provides standard deviations for gross N transformations. The standard deviations are further reduced if realistic data uncertainties are considered. Reanalyzing data by Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] (Capac soil) resulted in a model fit similar to the one of the original analysis but with more precise estimates of gross N transformations. In addition, our analysis showed that small N transformations such as heterotrophic nitrification, which was neglected in the original analysis, could be quantified for this soil. Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] provided evidence of a non-uniform exploitation of applied and native N that led to an overestimation of gross N transformations. Reanalyzing the data (CENIT soil, low N application) with the Müller et al. [2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726] model where oxidation was set to Michaelis-Menten kinetics resulted in a satisfactory fit between modeled and observed data, indicating that the observed artifact by Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] was mainly due to inappropriate kinetic settings. Our study shows that the combination of a MCMC method with ¹⁵N tracing models is able to consider more complex and possibly more realistic models and kinetic settings to estimate gross N transformation rates and thus overcomes restriction of previous ¹⁵N tracing techniques.     

美国贸易政策不确定性对中国畜产品价格时变冲击效应研究

本文基于2006年1月至2020年11月的中国猪、牛、羊等畜产品价格数据和美国贸易政策不确定性指数,利用带有随机波动率的时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-SV-VAR模型),考察美国贸易政策不确定性对中国畜产品价格波动的影响。研究发现:美国贸易政策不确定性对不同畜产品价格波动的影响存在阶段性特征,会推动畜产品价格周期性变动。在欧洲债务危机时期、中美贸易蓬勃发展后期、特朗普政府上台初期以及中美贸易摩擦升级时期这四个时期,美国贸易政策不确定性对中国不同畜产品价格波动的影响表现出差异性特征。美国贸易政策不确定性对中国猪肉价格的影响程度最深,对牛肉和羊肉价格冲击程度最小。据此,提出根据美国贸易条件变动预期相机抉择,达到平抑畜产品市场变动的目的,并以猪肉市场稳定为关键,多措并举,发挥市场供求调节能力。     

基于灰色预测模型的猕猴桃价格分析与预测

文章基于灰色系统理论,根据2014—2019年全国、北京、河北、河南和山西的猕猴桃市场价格变化,建立了GM(1,1)预测模型,对猕猴桃价格进行分析预测。结果显示,灰色预测模型GM(1,1)适用于猕猴桃价格预测,具有较高的准确度,全国和这4个省(市)的猕猴桃价格呈现周年波动和下降趋势。在不采取干预措施前提下,预计到2020年,全国、北京、河北、河南和山西的猕猴桃平均价格分别为8.96元/kg、11.18元/kg、8.13元/kg、5.21元/kg和8.65元/kg;到2021年,全国、北京、河北、河南和山西的猕猴桃平均价格分别为8.99元/kg、11.58元/kg、8.32元/kg、5.31元/kg和9.05元/kg。     

从“东坡模式”到“西湖镜像”:苏轼的生态农业构想与实践

北宋文学家苏轼宦海沉浮,荣辱不惊,在多年的外放生涯中,他关注农业与水利事业。无论躬耕东坡所构建的“东坡模式”,还是治理西湖所呈现的“西湖镜像”,都遵循自然规律,因地制宜,自力更生,体现“人与自然和谐共生”的生态农业观,所形成的生态农业模式既具有古老的农业传统背景与基础,又是一个不断创新发展完善的过程,对当下农业发展具有重要的借鉴作用。     

Assessment of Aspergillus fumigatus burden in lungs of intratracheally-challenged turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) by quantitative PCR,galactomannan enzyme immunoassay,and quantitative culture

Aspergillus fumigatus remains a major respiratory pathogen in birds and treatment is still difficult. We challenged different groups of few-day-old turkeys via intratracheal aerosolisation with increasing concentrations (10⁵ up to 10⁸) of conidia using a MicroSprayer^® device. The fungal burden was assessed by real-time PCR, galactomannan dosage, CFU counting and histopathological evaluation in order to provide a comparison of these results within each inoculum groups. Significant mortality, occurring in the first 96 h after inoculation, was only observed at the highest inoculum dose. Culture counts, GM index and qPCR results on the one hand and inoculum size on the other hand appeared to be clearly correlated. The mean fungal burden detected by qPCR was 1.3 log₁₀ units higher than the mean values obtained by CFU measurement. The new model and the markers will be used to evaluate the efficacy of antifungal treatments that could be used in poultry farms.     

Evaluation of different approaches to individual tree growth and survival modelling using data collected at irregular intervals - a case study for Pinus patula in Kenya

Background： The minimum set of sub-models for simulating stand dynamics on an individual-tree basis consists of tree-level models for diameter increment and survival. Ingrowth model is a necessary third component in uneven-aged management. The development of this type of model set needs data from permanent plots, in which all trees have been numbered and measured at regular intervals for diameter and survival. New trees passing the ingrowth limit should also be numbered and measured. Unfortunately, few datasets meet all these requirements. The trees may not have numbers or the length of the measurement interval varies. Ingrowth trees may not have been measured, or the number tags may have disappeared causing errors in tree identification. Methods： This article discussed and demonstrated the use of an optimization-based approach to individual-tree growth modelling, which makes it possible to utilize data sets having one or several of the above deficiencies. The idea is to estimate all parameters of the sub-models of a growth simulator simultaneously in such a way that, when simulation begins from the diameter distribution at the first measurement occasion, it yields a similar ending diameter distribution as measured in the second measurement occasion. The method was applied to Pinus patula permanent sample plot data from Kenya. In this dataset, trees were correctly numbered and identified but measurement interval varied from 1 to 13 years. Two simple regression approaches were used and compared to the optimization-based model recovery approach. Results： The optimization-based approach resulted in far more accurate simulations of stand basal area and number of surviving trees than the equations fitted through regression analysis. Conclusions： The optimization-based modelling approach can be recommended for growth modelling when the modelling data have been collected at irregular measurement intervals.     

NiO/HZSM-5催化改性生物油模拟物研究

以HZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备不同NiO负载量的NiO/HZSM-5催化剂并进行表征,发现负载量为8%的催化剂表面形貌相对平整,比表面积、酸位等特性较理想。通过生物油模拟物催化试验对催化剂性能进行评价,试验结果表明负载量和反应温度都对催化剂活性有明显影响。在反应温度为400℃时,负载量为8%的催化剂使模拟物中甲苯和愈创木酚具有较好的转化率,分别达到83%和88%;较HZSM-5催化的情况分别提高60%和70%。改性后生物油的热值也可增加约30%。负载物NiO的加入使催化剂表面强酸位降低约45%,同时提高了催化剂的稳定性和抗积碳能力,延长了催化剂使用寿命,其中8-ZSM-5催化剂在反应6 h后仍保持较高活性。     

基于CFD非稳态模型的温室温度预测控制

以Venlo温室内温度场为研究对象,提出了一种基于计算流体动力学(CFD)非稳态模拟模型的预测控制方法。CFD模型作为虚拟温室环境,将其非稳态模拟产生的时间序列数据代替真实的物理试验数据,结合系统辨识理论将CFD模型转换成基于数据的系统控制模型,实现基于CFD的温室温度预测控制。仿真结果表明,基于CFD的预测控制实现温室温度控制的平均偏差为2.65℃,标准偏差为3.27℃,可将室内温度平稳有效地控制在作物生长允许的温度范围内。系统辨识、控制算法和CFD技术的结合,提高了控制器设计的效率,丰富了温室控制系统的设计方法。