牛卵泡酶活性染色效果观察

本试验应用组织化学手段对牛卵巢中卵泡葡萄糖 6 磷酸酶(G 6 P酶)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP酶)进行酶活性反应显示。旨在探讨不同染色方法对酶活性反应显示效果,以便更好的观察不同发育时期的卵泡内酶的定位和酶活性反应的强弱.结果:对G 6 P酶检测效果以实验Ⅱ组好于实验Ⅰ组和对照组。其卵巢组织结构及卵泡形态较清晰;切片背景为浅粉色,酶活性处呈现棕色沉淀,酶活性反应显示较好;对AKP酶检测效果以实验Ⅰ组好于实验Ⅱ组和对照组,其卵巢组织结构及卵泡形态非常清晰,切片背景为兰色,酶活性处呈现黑色沉淀,各级卵泡上酶的反应显示较好。结论:不同染色方法对酶活性反应观察效果不同;牛卵巢卵泡不同发育时期、不同的结构部位,酶的活性具有强弱不同的反应性     

肉牛同期发情效果影响因素的研究

[目的]为了研究同期发情处理方法、繁殖状况、品种、体重等对肉牛同期发情效果的影响,[方法]选择140头不同繁殖状况、品种、体重的肉牛,随机分为3组,分别采用CIDR+第10天肌注PMSG+第11天肌注PGF_2α（埋栓Ⅰ组）、CIDR+第9天肌注PMSG+第11天肌注PGF_2α（埋栓Ⅱ组）、肌注PGF_2α+PMSG(PGF_2α组)的方法进行同期发情处理。[结果]3种不同处理方法相比,PGF_2α组发情率为87.10%,埋栓Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组母牛发情率分别为97.83%、98.41%,显著高于PGF_2α组（P<0.05）;PGF_2α组处理牛受胎率为83.87%,埋栓Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组处理牛受胎率分别为89.13%、84.13%,高于PGF_2α组,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;育成牛与经产牛发情时间相比,埋栓组12～24 h内出现发情症状的经产牛占比为27.27%,育成牛占比为60%,显著高于经产牛（P<0.05）,2...     

阉割处理对12月龄早胜黄牛公牛肉品质的影响

[目的]为了研究阉割对早胜黄牛公牛肉质的影响,[方法]试验选择健康无病、发育正常、养殖环境一致的12月龄早胜黄牛公牛和阉牛（6月龄早期阉割处理）各3头,短期育肥3个月,屠宰后取背最长肌,对蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、pH值、肉色（L^*、a^*和b^*）、系水力、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分及氨基酸组成和含量进行了研究。[结果]试验结果表明：阉割公牛背最长肌的pH、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、系水力、粗脂肪、Glu、Leu含量显著高于公牛（P<0.05）;而背最长肌蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、亮度（L^*）、粗蛋白、水分显著低于公牛（P<0.05）,在公牛和阉牛的氨基酸组成及含量中,多数氨基酸含量不存在显著差异,但阉牛氨基酸含量略高于公牛氨基酸含量。[结论]阉割处理可以显著提高12月龄早胜黄牛的嫩度和系水力,改善牛肉的色泽,增加牛肉干物质和氨基酸含量,说明阉割有助于提高早胜黄牛育肥公牛的肉品质。     

YIELD AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES OAT CULTIVARS USED FOR FORAGE

A shift in oat (Avena sativa L.) production from grain to forage (hay and grazing) is occurring in the southeastern USA. However, most available cultivars were developed for improved grain production, rather than forage yield. We field tested several standard and new oat releases over 2 years, using repeated clippings to determine forage yield, nutrient uptake, and the potential to match plant nutrients with cattle mineral dietary needs. There were no differences in total annual forage yield among the tested cultivars within years but there was a difference between years. Forage tissue phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) were sufficient, potassium (K), sulfur (S), and manganese (Mn) were excessive, and iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were occasionally or frequently deficient to meet daily cattle dietary mineral needs. Sulfur, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn may be the most challenging to regulate in U.S. Coastal Plain soils at concentrations that satisfy both, oat and cattle nutritional requirements.     

Effects of combined organic manure and mineral fertilization on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon in two agricultural soils

Abstract

The effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on soil aggregate size distribution and stability, and associated carbon (C) within aggregates varies greatly in previous studies because of the differences in soil conditions, cropping systems, and management practices. This study was conducted as two field fertilization experiments, with different cropping systems, under a subtropical climate in China. The two field experiment sites were located in Jinhua (established in April 2011) in the Jinqu basin in Zhejiang province and Jintan (established in October 2010) in the low-middle Yangtze River plain in Jiangsu province. Both experiments consisted of four treatments, including unfertilized (CK), mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPK?+?SR), and NPK plus cattle manure (NPK?+?FYM) or half NPK plus cattle manure (1/2NPK?+?FYM). Water stable aggregate size classes (>5, 2–5, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25?mm) and associated soil organic C (SOC) at 0–15?cm depth were measured. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and water stable aggregates (WSA)?>?0.25?mm were also determined. The results showed that aggregate-size distribution varied with soil types. Combined application of NPK and organic matter (straw residue or cattle manure), unlike the CK and NPK treatments, significantly increased the WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, and GMD, while obviously reducing the proportion of <0.25?mm aggregates. However, no differences in WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, GMD, and associated C were observed between CK and NPK at both sites. The addition of FYM to the NPK treatment yielded the highest SOC contents in bulk soil, and showed significantly higher associations of C within all size aggregates at both sites. In contrast, NPK?+?SR significantly increased SOC within aggregate classes (2–5?mm, 0.5–1?mm, 0.25–0.5?mm, and <0.25?mm) at Jinhua and (>5?mm and 1–2?mm) at Jintan compared to the CK and NPK treatments. Overall, the combined application of FYM and mineral NPK was the best sustainable management practice for the improvement of aggregate stability and SOC sequestration.     

Potassium fertilization and soil diagnostic criteria for forage corn (Zea mays L.) production contributing to lower potassium input in regional fertilizer recommendation

Abstract

Effective soil diagnostic criteria for exchangeable potassium (Ex-K) combined with inorganic potassium (K) application rates were developed to lower K input in forage corn (Zea mays L.) production using experimental fields with different application rates and histories of cattle manure compost. Two corn varieties, ‘Cecilia’ as a low K uptake variety and ‘Yumechikara’ as a high K uptake variety, were selected from among 20 varieties and tested to make diagnostic criteria for K fertilization applicable to varieties with different K uptakes. The K uptakes increased from 96 to 303 kg K ha^?1 for ‘Cecilia’ and from 123 to 411 kg K ha^?1 for ‘Yumechikara’ with increasing Ex-K content on a dry soil basis from 0.11 to 0.92 g kg^?1 with no inorganic K fertilizer application. The K uptake by corn for achieving the target dry matter yield of 18 Mg ha^?1 was estimated to be approximately 200 kg K ha^?1 in common between the two varieties. Yields of both varieties achieved the target yield at an Ex-K content of approximately 0.30 g kg^?1 with no K fertilization, although ‘Yumechikara’ reached the target yield at a lower Ex-K content. At the low Ex-K content of 0.1 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer application at 83 kg K ha^?1 was needed to gain the target yield, and apparent K recovery rate for K fertilizer was calculated to be 70% for both varieties. The K uptakes for gaining the target yield by the K fertilization were lower than that by soil K supply. Based on these results, diagnostic criteria of Ex-K and inorganic K application rates were set up as follows: at an Ex-K content of < 0.15 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer is applied at 83 kg K ha^?1 (100 kg ha^?1 as potassium oxide (K₂O) equivalent); at an Ex-K content of 0.15–0.30 g kg^?1, the application rate is reduced to 33 kg K ha^?1 (40 kg K₂O ha^?1); at an Ex-K content of ≥ 0.30 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer is not applied because of sufficient K in the soil. Additionally, we propose that cattle manure compost be used to supplement soil K fertility.     

Phosphorus characterization of manure composts and combined organic fertilizers by a sequential‐fractionation method

Characterization of the forms of phosphorus (P) in organic soil amendments was conducted by sequential P fractionation. More than 60% of total P was inorganic P (P_i). The major P_i forms in the cattle‐manure composts were NaHCO₃‐ and HCl‐extractable P fractions. HCl‐extractable P_i was the predominant P form and a considerable proportion of the total P was present in the HCl‐extractable organic P fraction in the poultry manure composts and combined organic fertilizers.     

秦川牛ADIG基因重组腺病毒过表达载体的构建与病毒包装

【目的】构建秦川牛ADIG基因的重组腺病毒载体,包装并扩繁病毒,为下一步研究该基因在脂肪细胞分化过程中的分子作用机制和相关信号通路奠定基础。【方法】根据NCBI收录的家牛ADIG基因(NM_001113720.1)mRNA序列设计引物,以秦川牛组织样提取的总RNA反转录而成的cDNA为模板,通过RT-PCR和PCR扩增获得目的基因,将其连接到pMD19-T Simple载体并测序。质粒提取纯化后通过BglⅡ与SalⅠ双酶切,然后胶回收酶切产物,将其连接到穿梭载体pAdTrack/CMV上,构建重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack/CMV-ADIG。将pAdTrack/CMV-ADIG质粒用PmeⅠ酶切线性化,转化含有腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1的大肠杆菌BJ5183感受态细胞中进行同源重组,构建重组腺病毒质粒pAD-ADIG,并用PacⅠ酶切鉴定,提取质粒后转化大肠杆菌Top10进行扩繁。用PacⅠ酶切线性化pAD-ADIG载体并回收质粒大片段,转染293A细胞进行病毒包装,然后完成病毒扩繁和病毒滴度的测定。【结果】PCR扩增获得了399bp ADIG基因CDS区;成功构建了重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack/CMVADIG和重组腺病毒质粒pAD-ADIG。经检测,ADIG重组腺病毒包装成功,扩繁后得到了高滴度的腺病毒(1×108PFU/mL)。【结论】成功构建了秦川牛ADIG基因的重组腺病毒表达载体pAD-ADIG,完成了病毒包装和扩繁。     

牛场肥水灌溉对土壤氨氧化微生物的影响

以不同牛场肥水灌溉制度下河北省徐水县梁家营长期定位施肥试验田为研究对象,通过构建氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的amoA 基因克隆文库,利用T-RFLP方法研究了5种施肥处理(CK:不施肥;CF:300 kg N·hm^-2,120 kg P₂O·hm^-2,75 kg K₂O·hm^-2;T4:105 kg N·hm^-2,39 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2;T5:210 kg N·hm^-2,78 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2; T11:317 kg N·hm^-2,117 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)下土壤中氨氧化细菌及氨氧化古菌的多样性及其群落结构演变。氨氧化细菌T-RFLP结果显示,T5 处理土壤中氨氧化细菌的 Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和 Pielou指数(E)均最高, T11处理最低,表明T5处理增加了土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰富度,T11处理一定程度上降低了氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰富度。基于amoA基因建立的系统进化树显示,土壤中氨氧化细菌主要属于Nitrosospira 和Nitrosomanas。氨氧化古菌T-RFLP结果显示,T11处理氨氧化古菌Shannon-Wiener指数(H')、Simpson 指数(Ds)和Pielou指数(E)均最高,表明T11处理增加了土壤中氨氧化古菌的多样性和丰富度。氨氧化古菌的系统发育树显示大部分氨氧化古菌amoA序列与 Cluster S 聚为一类,且占主导地位,少数序列为Unclassified-Archaea(未分类古菌)。最大优势菌与来自中国荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃样品的氨氧化古菌Clone属于同种,推测牛场肥水灌溉增加了土壤的氨氧化古菌的群落多样性。     

高山生态有机红茶牛肉干的研制

在传统五香牛肉干制作配方和工艺条件下,采用不同添加方式和添加量将毕节高山生态有机红茶添加到毕节市威宁黄牛肉中,制作高山生态有机红茶风味牛肉干,通过对加工工艺和技术要点进行探讨,分析了影响高山生态有机红茶风味牛肉干制作的相关因素。结果表明,高山生态有机红茶添加到牛肉的方式以红茶抹茶撒拌效果最好,烘烤时喷淋茶汁浓缩汁其次,在复煮时加入茶叶比从初煮时加入茶叶口感和风味评分较高,同时得出各类添加方式的最适红茶添加量。