施氮量对小麦强势和弱势籽粒氮素代谢及蛋白质合成的影响

 研究了施氮量对强筋小麦强势粒和弱势粒氮素代谢和蛋白质合成的影响。结果表明：强势粒的蛋白质含量和单粒蛋白质积累量在灌浆过程中均大于弱势粒，强势粒开花后21 d前的谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和花后28 d的游离氨基酸含量显著高于弱势粒，是强势粒蛋白质积累速率快的生理原因。成熟期，同一施氮处理强势粒的清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和谷蛋白大聚合体含量大于弱势粒，而球蛋白含量小于弱势粒。适量施氮，籽粒中的蛋白质含量和积累量显著增加，强势粒和弱势粒的游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性之间的差异减小，蛋白质含量和积累量的差异亦减小；当施氮量由150 kg·ha-1增至240 kg·ha-1，弱势粒蛋白质含量增加，而强势粒蛋白质含量无显著变化；随施氮量增加，籽粒的各蛋白质组分含量呈增加趋势，不同粒位不同蛋白质组分的增幅不同，以弱势粒中谷蛋白含量和谷蛋白大聚合体含量的增幅大，说明施氮量对籽粒蛋白质和蛋白质组分含量的调控主要是通过对弱势粒的调控实现的。     

绞股蓝RIP基因双子叶植物表达载体的构建及其对烟草叶盘的转化

将绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)核糖体失活蛋白(Ribosome-Inactivating Protein，RIP)cDNA序列(GenBank登录号AY279219)插入到pKYLX71:35 S^2植物表达载体的HindⅢ/SacI位点处，构建了适于在双子叶植物中表达的载体，并经三亲交配法转入土壤农杆菌LBA4404，用于转化烟草品种K-326，分子鉴定表明绞股蓝RIP基因已经整合到再生烟苗的基因组中并发生了转录。     

Effect of concentrated decoction of Chinese herbal compound Buyanghuanwutang on cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway in hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia

AIM: To evaluate the role of concentrated decoction of Chinese herbal compound Buyanghuanwutang (BYHWT) in cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-protein kinase A(PKA)-cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB) signaling pathway in hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia (VD). METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (sham-operated rats treated with normal saline), VD model group (VD rats treated with normal saline), BYHWT treatment group (VD rats treated with BYHWT) and nimodipment treating group (VD rats treated with nimodipine). The rat model of VD was build by the method of four-vessel occlusion. The rats in all 4 groups were administered with the corresponding reagents for successive 30 days. The content of cAMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. The expression of PKA catalytic subunit (PKAc) was observed by Western blotting. The changes of DNA-binding activity of CREB in rat hippocampus were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: The content of cAMP, the expression of PKAc and the DNA-bingding activity of CREB in the hippocampus of VD rats were lower than those in the hippocampus of sham-operated rats (P<0.01). The above indexes in both nimodipine treatment group and BYHWT treatment group were definitely higher than those in VD model group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: BYHWT increases the content of cAMP, the expression of PKAc and the DNA-binding activity of CREB in VD rat hippocampus, thus strengthening the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.     

Influence of condensed tannin on intake, digestibility, and efficiency of protein utilization in beef steers fed high concentrate diet

This trial was conducted to evaluate if the effect of condensed tannin (CT) is associated with a true protein source on intake, ruminal and total digestibility, ruminal digestion rate, protein efficiency, and microbial efficiency in beef steers fed high concentrate diet (87% of DM). Four Bos indicus steers (407 ± 12 kg of BW) fitted with rumen cannula were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of either inclusion (0.4% of DM) or exclusion of condensed tannin (CT) from quebracho extract (76% of CT) with or without the use of soybean meal (SBM) as source of true protein. The level of inclusion was calculated to provide a daily intake of 1 g/10 kg of BW of CT. Intake of DM and nutrients was not affected (P > 0.10) by CT inclusion. However, there was an effect (P < 0.10) of CT inclusion on ether extract digestibility. An interaction (P < 0.10) was observed between CT and SBM on ruminal digestibility and digestion rate of crude protein (CP): when mixed with soybean meal, CT decreased the ruminal digestibility and, consequently, reduced the digestion rate of CP. Intake of CP increased (P < 0.10) with the inclusion of SBM. No differences in DM passage rate were observed (P > 0.10) among treatments. Effects of the interaction (P < 0.10) between CT and SBM were observed on flux of rumen undegradable protein (RUP), metabolizable protein (MP), and on the ratio MP:CP. In the presence of soybean meal, the addition of CT increased (P < 0.10) the flux of RUP and MP, and improved the ratio MP:CP. The yield of microbial protein on the abomasum and the microbial efficiency did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). There was no difference (P > 0.10) on the pH, VFA, and ruminal ammonia (N-NH₃) with the addition of condensed tannin. The N-NH₃ increased and the ruminal pH decreased with the inclusion of soybean meal (P < 0.10). The utilization of condensed tannin as an additive in beef cattle diets with high level of concentrate and soybean meal as a source of true protein implies positive effects on crude protein utilization, decreasing digestion rate and ruminal digestibility of crude protein and consequently increasing the levels of metabolizable protein, with no changes in the ruminal fermentation parameters.     

Concentration related responses of chlorpyriphos in antioxidant, anaerobic and protein synthesizing machinery of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis

Impacts of chlorpyriphos (2, 4, 6 ppm) on the profiles of antioxidant (catalase) and anaerobic (lactate dehydrogenase) enzymes and other macromolecular contents (DNA, RNA, protein) of various tissues of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis were studied. Chlorpyriphos significantly decreased the specific activity of catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the brain, liver, gill and skeletal muscle of the fish. The reduction in specific activity might be due to the binding of chlorpyriphos or its metabolites with the enzyme molecules or affecting the synthesis and/or degradation of the enzymes. Like enzymes, the DNA, RNA and protein contents decreased in the brain, liver, gill and skeletal muscle of the fish as a function of increase in chlorpyriphos concentrations (2-6 ppm). The chlorpyriphos-induced reduction in these biochemical constituents might be because of alteration in their turnover (synthesis/degradation) in different tissues. The maximum effects on CAT, LDH, DNA, RNA and protein were obtained in response to 6 ppm chlorpyriphos. The present findings suggest chlorpyriphos concentration related impairment in antioxidative, anaerobic and protein synthesizing capacity of the fish. Therefore, the use of higher concentrations of chlorpyriphos should be avoided to protect the health of economically important freshwater food fish.     

酒糟菌体蛋白饲料加工技术的应用研究

微生物技术开发蛋白饲料是一项高科技项目，是国家要求重点推广的项目。以山西杏花村汾酒（集团）公司为生产基地，利用该公司生产白酒的下脚料——酒糟为原料，提出了切实可行的工厂化菌体蛋白饲料生产工艺，并进行了成套设备的研制。该项技术的应用实现了酒糟的高效再利用，为解决我国饲料行业蛋白源缺乏提供了一条新途径。     

不同播期对春小麦产量及蛋白质含量的影响研究

试验研究春小麦分期播种不同发育阶段气候因子对其生长发育、产量及品质的影响结果表明 ,哈尔滨地区春小麦适宜播期为 4月中旬后期 (4月 14～ 2 1日 ) ,此时播种有利于春小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的提高     

施钴对冬小麦产量和蛋白质含量及土壤有效钴含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了石灰性褐土上不同钴施用量对冬小麦产量、蛋白质含量及土壤有效钴含量的影响。试验结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量和蛋白质的含量。各施钴处理较对照增产0.98-13.73%, 生物产量增加2.01-18.47%,其中以处理Co3增产最高。在施钴量4mg kg-1以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,但当施钴量超过4mg kg-1时,冬小麦的籽粒产量和生物产量增加,但增产效应下降。处理Co1、处理Co2的蛋白质含量分别比对照增加2.14和1.1个百分点,但处理Co3、处理Co4的蛋白质含量分别比对照减少0.07和0.21个百分点。各处理的蛋白质产量比对照增加0.06%-20.02%,其中以处理Co1增加最大,处理Co2次之。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关。     

土壤宏蛋白质组学之土壤蛋白质提取技术的发展

随着土壤宏基因组学的日益成熟和发展,作为后基因组时代重要技术平台的土壤宏蛋白质组学越来越受到关注。土壤宏蛋白质组学的研究是解析土壤宏基因功能的重要手段之一,对于碳氮磷的生物地球化学循环以及土壤有机质积累的研究具有重大价值,可将蛋白信息与相关的生态系统过程联系起来。但是,土壤蛋白含量少,样品复杂程度高,极大限制了土壤蛋白的分离提取和进一步分析。因此,通过改进和优化土壤蛋白的提取技术,得到高浓度的蛋白是土壤宏蛋白质组学研究的前提条件。本文总结了近几年来土壤蛋白提取方法,并对其适用的土壤性质以及适用的不同种类和功能的蛋白进行了分析。此外,本文也对现有的土壤蛋白提取技术以及土壤蛋白鉴定技术的方法改进进行了探讨。