小兴安岭林区云杉树上一种新干基白腐病

报道了中国小兴安岭云杉树上一种新干基白腐病，其病原菌为鳞片昂氏多孔菌Onnia leporina(Fr.)H.Jahn。该病主要发生在成熟林分，造成受害木干基白腐，被侵染树木极易风折或风倒而死亡。根据中国的材料对该病病菌进行了宏观和微观的详细描述，并与欧洲的材料进行了对比。     

丽江云杉家系苗期性状通径分析与优良家系初选

对91个丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)2年生实生苗的苗高、地径、侧枝数、根系长和干重5个生长性状进行遗传分析和通径分析,并采用综合选择指数法对丽江云杉进行优良家系的评选。结果表明：2年生丽江云杉实生苗家系间各性状存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),其中侧枝数的遗传力最大,根系长的遗传力最小;性状的遗传变异系数干质量最大,苗高最小;地径对苗高的直接贡献最大,根系长通过地径对苗高的间接作用最大。通过综合选择指数法,评选出12个优良家系,这些家系的苗高实际增益为13.10%～29.58%,遗传增益为11.17%～25.24%。     

Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction

Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.     

沙地云杉胚性愈伤组织诱导

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)是内蒙古特有的珍稀树种,种子生产受到大小年、倒春寒及重齿小蠹等虫害的严重影响,有性繁殖受到阻碍。本研究以沙地云杉成熟胚为外植体进行胚性愈伤组织诱导,对影响胚性愈伤组织诱导的调控因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)沙地云杉成熟胚接于培养基中培养,5 d后子叶和胚根部位膨大,10 d后胚根均明显愈伤化,40 d后愈伤呈水渍状,60 d后愈伤呈白色丝状;胚性愈伤的发生始于非胚性愈伤的表面,且长成的胚性愈伤呈细胞核大、细胞排列紧密的特点;研究结果明确了沙地云杉胚性愈伤形态学和细胞学的变化过程。(2)确定了沙地云杉胚性愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基和最佳激素组合。胚性愈伤诱导培养基为LM,激素组合为2,4-D 6 mg/L、6-BA 2 mg/L和KT 0.5 mg/L最佳培养条件为暗培养,且胚性愈伤诱导率46%。沙地云杉胚性愈伤诱导的成功可为沙地云杉资源的保护、开发、利用提供了理论依据和技术保障。     

不同经营类型红松林对汤旺河流域土壤性质的影响

通过实地调查与试验分析，研究了汤旺河流域4种经营类型红松林对土壤性质的影响情况。结果表明：在研究地区无论土壤pH、土壤有机质，还是土壤养分和土壤物理性质，白桦与红松天然更新形成的混变林和白桦与红松人工造林形成的混交林都较红松人工纯林优越，维护林分土壤地力及涵养水分的功能强。而红松人工纯林较原始红松林和两种白桦红松混交林维护地力及涵养水分功能弱。研究结果为汤旺河流域森林恢复与重建提供了科学合理的途径。     

Functional diversity of microbial communities in the mixed boreal plain forest of central Canada

This study was designed to examine whether or not specific tree species (Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides), their post-fire stand age, or their position in a successional pathway had any significant effect on the functional diversity of associated soil microbial communities in a typical mixed boreal forest ecosystem (Duck Mountain Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada). Multivariate analyses designed to identify significant biotic and/or abiotic variables associated with patterns of organic substrate utilization (assessed using the BIOLOG™ System) revealed the overall similarity in substrate utilization by the soil microbial communities. The five clusters identified differed mainly by their substrate-utilization value rather than by specific substrate utilization. Variability in community functional diversity was not strongly associated to tree species or post-fire stand age; however, redundancy analysis indicated a stronger association between substrate utilization and successional pathway and soil pH. For example, microbial communities associated with the relatively high pH soils of the P. tremuloides-P. glauca successional pathway, exhibited a greater degree of substrate utilization than those associated with the P. banksiana-P. mariana successional pathway and more acidic soils. Differences in functional diversity specific to tree species were not observed and this may have reflected the mixed nature of the forest stands and of their heterogeneous forest floor. In a densely treed, mixed boreal forest ecosystem, great overlap in tree and understory species occur making it difficult to assign a definitive microbial community to any particular tree species. The presence of P. tremuloides in all stand types and post fire stand ages has probably contributed to the large amount of overlap in utilization profiles among soil samples.     

Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites

Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pH_{CaCl 2} 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pH_{CaCl 2} (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.     

UV-B辐射增强对红松幼苗针叶脂质过氧化及抗氧化系统的影响

以盆栽3年生红松实生苗为材料,分为CK(对照)、T1(+3.25 μW·cm～UV-B辐射)、T2(+6.51μW·cm～UV-B辐射)及T3(+9.76 μW·cm-2 UV-B辐射)4个处理,研究环境UV-B辐射增强对红松叶片自由基含量、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:UV-B辐射增强显著提高红松针叶内羟基自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢自由基(H2O2)和MDA含量(P＜0.05),T3处理下叶片的H2O2(149.05 mmol·g-1)和MDA(12.56 μmol·g-1)含量最高;UV-B辐射增强诱导过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,显著降低过氧化物酶(POD)活性(P＜0.05);抗氧化物质中可溶性蛋白含量随UV-B胁迫程度加强而显著增加(CK为0.17 mg·g-1,T3处理为0.26 mg·g-1),而各UV-B辐射增强处理均降低了类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量.各生理指标相关分析结果表明:红松针叶内可溶性蛋白含量与自由基、MDA含量间存在极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01);·OH含量与类胡萝卜素、类黄酮含量间存在极显著的负相关关系(P＜0.01).研究证实UV-B辐射增强通过产生大量的自由基对红松幼苗的生理代谢产生影响,而红松幼苗通过提高抗氧化酶(CAT,APX,SOD)的活性和蛋白质的含量来抵抗UV-B辐射引起的损伤,但其防御机制并不能有效地缓解这个伤害.     

红松播种种子不同处理方法效果的研究

通过对红松种子进行3种不同方法的处理,在播种后,调查和分析不同处理方法对苗木生长情况的影响.结果表明,不同处理方法对苗木的发芽时间、出苗时间及出苗率影响较大;对苗木的高、径等性状指标的影响较大.3种方法中最好的是越冬埋藏法,其平均苗高4.4 cm,平均地径2.49 mm,生物量全干质量31.14 g.     

勃利县红松根朽病防治技术的研究

通过调查、观测,掌握了红松根朽病在勃利县林区发病规律以及环境因素对该病害的影响。结果表明,红松根朽病的发病规律为：郁闭度大的林分病害较重,阴坡重于阳坡,山中下腹重于山上腹;使用树干基部涂药和根部注药相结合的方法防治效果最好,防治效果达95%以上。