西藏农田新农药对比试验初探

为了比较和鉴定近年来引进的新型农药的药效，为我区大田推广提供可靠的科学依据，特进行新型农药的药效对比试验，试验证明，麦田防除阉叶草试验中：2．4-D丁酯、麦草灵这二种农药的表现较为突出；油菜防除蚜虫试验中“乐斯本”效果最邓；高盖”对于双子叶作物田防治单子叶杂草具有十分良好的作用。     

Effect of Water and Rice Straw Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Double-Cropped Paddy Field

ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.     

气相色谱法测定水果中咪鲜胺残留量的方法研究

采用丙酮震荡提取样品，在水解衍生的步骤中创造性地使用试管加入吡啶盐酸盐，于220℃的烘箱里水解1.5 h，经过处理后使用气相色谱ECD进行测定。结果表明：该方法的线性范围为0.005～0.500 ng，相关系数为0.999 9；对香蕉、绿橙、花牛苹果、青苹果、猕猴桃、砀山梨6种空白基质分别进行了0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/kg 3个水平加标，其回收率为81.0%～106.4%，相对标准偏差(RSD，n＝5)为0.3%～5.7%；该方法的最低检出限为0.01 mg/kg，并且烘箱水解的新方法操作简便     

Pyrethroid insecticide residues on vegetable crops

Pyrethroid insecticides were applied on various vegetable crops as foliar treatments to determine dissipation rates. On Chinese broccoli (Guy Lon), Chinese mustard (Pak Choi) and Chinese cabbage (Kasumi, napa), fenvalerate was persistent with residues of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.11 mg kg-1, respectively, by day 21. Cypermethrin residues on head lettuce were below 0.1 mg kg-1 by day 10 but on the leafier romaine and endive varieties it was more persistent and required 14-19 days to dissipate below this concentration. After three applications, residues of cypermethrin in harvested carrots and of permethrin in eggplant were not detected on the day of application. On asparagus, deltamethrin and cypermethrin residues declined to less than 0.1 mg kg-1 by days 1 and 2, respectively; permethrin was more persistent, requiring more than 2 days to decline to less than 0.1 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin on dry (cooking) and Spanish onions was not detected on the day of application. On tomatoes, the concentration of permethrin was 0.093 mg kg-1 on the day of application and declined to about 0.05 mg kg-1 after 2-4 days. In general, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues declined to acceptable concentrations within an acceptable pre-harvest interval. Fenvalerate may be too persistent on these speciality crops unless a maximum residue limit > 0.1 mg kg-1 is permitted.     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留量

建立了一种高灵敏度和高选择性的检测猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留的高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱(APCI)法,可同时进行猪组织中3种硝基咪唑类药物残留的确证分析.本方法检测猪肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮下组织中硝基咪唑类药物的检测限为0.5～1μg/kg;空白组织添加硝基咪唑类药物水平为0.5、1、2或4μg/kg时,测得回收率:肌肉为61.1%～85.4%,肝脏为62.3%～80.4%,肾脏为61.6%～82.0%,皮下组织为63.6%～84.1%.     

戊唑醇在苹果和土壤中的残留分析方法

本文建立了戊唑醇在苹果和土壤中残留的液相色谱分析方法.该方法仪器最低检出量为4×10-11g;最低检出浓度为0.002mg/kg;平均回收率为85.6%～102.2%;变异系数为2.85%～9.47%。     

QSAR及其在农药设计中的应用和进展

在介绍定量结构 -活性关系 (QSAR)的基本原理后 ,重点评述了 QSAR各种方法的主要原理、优缺点及其在农药设计中的研究应用进展 ,包括取代基多参数法 (Hansch法 )、Free- Wilson法、分子轨道法 (MO)、距离比较法 (DISCO)、比较分子力场分析法 (Co MFA)、分子模拟法 (MS)、分子对接法 (MD)、人工神经网络法 (ANN)以及 Leapfrog法等。     

苏云金素在水中和植株上的衰减与残留

用ＨＰＬＣ检测了苏云金素在鱼塘水和清水中的衰减速率。清水中该物质的半衰期长达４３３小时；在鱼塘水中苏云素的衰减呈双指数消除模型，开始消除半衰期为２．４３－１０．６８小时，终末消除半衰期为１２８．５７－１４２．０１小时。     

Dissipation of the herbicide dithiopyr in soil and residues in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grain under Indian tropical conditions

Dissipation of dithiopyr in soil was monitored after application to wheat crop as pre- or post-emergence applications at two rates, viz 100 and 200 g AI ha(-1). The level of dithiopyr in the soil was assessed by gas chromatography, and its disappearence was found to follow a first-order decay curve irrespective of rate or method of application. The half-life in soil ranged between 17.3 and 25.0 days and residues at harvest (150 days after application) ranged between 4.0 and 8.8% of amounts applied. Investigation of microbial degradation of dithiopyr was conducted in minimal salt and Czapek Dox media in which 80% of the compound degraded within 15 days. Residues were not detected in wheat grain at harvest.     

65%桑用毒死蜱乳油对家蚕的毒性试验

通过2007年春季65％桑用毒死蜱乳油的家蚕毒性饲养试验，发现在1000～4000倍使用浓度范围内，间隔3-5d家蚕表现急性中毒死亡；间隔6-8d家蚕中毒死亡率随浓度增高而增高，随浓度降低，家蚕中毒死亡龄次逐步延后，出现积累性中毒症状，同等有效剂量，桑用乳油的生活力和茧质指标明显好于一般乳油；间隔14～16d后，各处理的生活力和茧质指标与不喷药对照无显著差异存在。65％桑用乳油2000倍喷药，安全用叶间隔期春季推荐为15～20d；秋季为20～25d。