水貂绿脓杆菌（PASD03株）鞭毛蛋白的提取与分析

本试验以水貂绿脓杆菌PASD03株为研究对象,对其鞭毛蛋白的提取方法进行研究,分别通过酸裂解、差速离心以及酸裂解结合机械振荡三种方法,用（NH4）2SO4盐析来获得鞭毛蛋白,采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对提取的绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白进行分离纯化,并进行电镜鉴定。结果显示：成功分离出水貂绿脓杆菌的鞭毛蛋白,获得了绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白的初提液.绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白经SDS-PAGE提示纯化的鞭毛蛋白为一条相对分子质量（Mr）为53×103蛋白带,透射电镜（SEM）观察发现该鞭毛蛋白呈丝状。结论：经酸裂解法并结合机械振荡和硫酸铵沉淀法简便、耗时短、纯度高、产量高,适用于绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白的提取。     

CMIP3和CMIP5模式对北太平洋海平面气压变率主导模态的评估

利用20世纪再分析资料(1871～2010年),分析了北太平洋(135°E～100°W、10°～65°N)海平面气压变率的前2个主导模态的时空特征,并结合CMIP3和CMIP5耦合模式模拟的结果,对比评估了两代CMIP耦合模式对北太平洋海平面气压变率主导模态的模拟效果。结果表明,北太平洋海表面气压异常变化的第1模态呈现阿留申低压型的变化特征,变率最大的中心位于阿留申群岛附近,而第2模态表现为北太平洋涛动型的变化,北面中心位于阿留申群岛偏北地区,南面中心位于30°N的中太平洋地区,南北呈现反相变化;CMIP3多模式集合仅能模拟出北太平洋海表面气压异常变率的第1模态,模拟不出第2模态,而CMIP5多模式集合对北太平洋海表面气压变率的前2个主导模态均能够较好地模拟出来。对北太平洋海表面气压异常变率的主导模态而言,CMIP5多模式集合无论在空间型还是强度、时间序列的模拟均优于CMIP3多模式集合的结果。     

东南太平洋智利竹䇲鱼资源渔场时空分布

根据2003—2011年东南太平洋智利竹■鱼生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对东南太平洋智利竹■鱼资源和渔场的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,2003—2011年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场重心主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S范围内,随着月份的增加逐步向西北方向移动,并从8月份渔场开始分为两个区域,其渔场重心逐渐向西北和东北两个方向偏移,到10月份逐渐偏移到最北端。在产量比重上,东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场分布具有明显的季节变化:秋季渔场分布纬度处于最南端,变化范围相对集中,主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S区域内;冬季渔场纬度逐渐北移,春季渔场处于最北端,且变化范围较大。这种变化与渔场重心的分布相一致。经度上集中分布于79°W～101°W区域,纬度上集中分布于30°S～45°S区域。79°W～101°W和30°S～45°S这一区域作业次数也相对较高。灰色关联度表明,9年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼的资源状况较好,研究竹■鱼的资源时空分布为其今后的可持续开发与管理提供科学依据。     

近57年中国北方气候干湿变化及与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

利用中国北方424个气象站点1960—2016年逐日地面观测资料,应用联合国粮农组织(FAO)Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散(ET0),基于降水量和潜在蒸散计算的湿润指数研究了1960—2016年中国北方干湿气候时空变化特征,分析了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对气候干湿变化的影响。结果表明:北方总体干湿变化不显著,空间上表现为西北、青藏高原、内蒙古湿润化而华北干旱化的特征。极端干旱区面积显著缩小,干旱区、半干旱区则明显扩张,表明气候敏感区域在扩张。极端干旱区和干旱区显著变湿润,半干旱区有变湿润的趋势。1960—1990年至1991—2016年,北方经历了变湿润的过程。西北西部、青藏高原湿润化趋势明显,极端干旱—干旱区的界线呈西界东移、南北界线收缩的变化。干旱化趋势主要发生在华北和东北部分地区,华北黄河沿线一带半干旱—半湿润区界线向东南方向扩张。东北中部和西北西部由于降水增加而ET0减少,气候变湿润。华北中西部、内蒙古东部和东北部分地区降水减少、ET0增加,气候变干旱。在PDO暖位相,西北、东北北部及内蒙古东部地区地表气候偏湿润;在PDO冷位相,地表气候偏干旱。而华北则相反。     

Climate change impacts and forest adaptation in the Asia–Pacific region: from regional experts' perspectives

Expert opinions have been used in a variety of fields to identify relevant issues and courses of action. This study surveys experts in forestry and climate change from the Asia–Pacific region to gauge their perspectives on the impacts of climate change and on the challenges faced by forest adaptation in the region, and explores recommendations and initiatives for adapting forests to climate change. There was consensus regarding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and on economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry. Respondents also indicated a lack of public awareness and policy and legislation as challenges to addressing climate change. However, the results indicate differences in opinion between regions on the negative impacts of climate change and in satisfaction with actions taken to address climate change,highlighting the need for locally specific policies and research. The study presents specific recommendations to address issues of most concern, based on subregion and professional affiliation throughout the Asia–Pacific region.The results can be used to improve policy and forest management throughout the region. This research will also provide valuable suggestions on how to apply research findings and management recommendations outside of the AP region. The conclusions should be communicated relative to the level of the research and the target audience,ensuring that scientific findings and management recommendations are effectively communicated to ensure successful implementation of forest adaptation strategies.     

2019年9月12—14日陇南市持续性暴雨天气成因分析

本文对2019年9月12—14日陇南市出现的一次持续性暴雨天气过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明：此次强降水天气过程中副热带高压外围有较强的西南气流稳定维持,同时700 hPa存在明显的强风速带的辐合,低层强烈辐合为暴雨的发生、发展提供了动力条件;对物理量场分析发现,这次持续暴雨过程中,中低层有明显的湿层及水汽辐合,为降水提供了充足的水汽条件;对流云团演变特征表明,此次持续性强降水是在青海东南部的对流云与四川北部的对流云系东移合并加强后逐渐减弱的过程中发生的,具有明显的局地性。     

基于最大熵模型的西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭栖息地差异

远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus和日本鲭Scomber japonicus作为西北太平洋的主要关联物种,研究其潜在栖息地分布以及对该海域环境变化响应的差异对管理和持续利用该渔业资源有重要的科学意义。本研究采用最大熵模型,利用2017~2021年盛鱼期(5~11月)在西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的渔业数据,结合海表面温度 sea surface temperature, SST、海表面盐度 sea surface salinity, SSS、海表面高度 sea surface height, SSH、叶绿素浓度 chlorophyll-a, Chl-a、涡旋动能 eddy kinetic energy, EKE、不同水层温度(包括50m、100m、150m、200m),通过贡献率的大小分别筛选出各月对远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭排位前三的关键因子,根据二者对各月关键环境因子的响应曲线,获得各月关键因子对二者潜在栖息地的月间变化,最终模拟出二者在5~11月的潜在栖息地分布图。结果表示,远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的潜在栖息地变动与实际作业位置具有一致性,随着月份的增加均呈现先向东北方向移动,在向西南方向折回的运动趋势,且二者各月潜在栖息地位置均大范围重叠。在6、8~10月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子均为SSH、SST、Chl-a,且适宜范围相差不大。5、7、11月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子有所不同,远东拟沙丁鱼5月的关键因子为SSH、EKE、SST,7月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,11月为EKE、SST、Chl-a,而日本鲭5月为SSH、EKE、Chl-a,7月为SST、Chl-a、SSS,11月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,各月环境因子的适宜范围不同。此外,随着月份增加日本鲭最适栖息地面积向北逐渐缩小,7和11月份面积最小,而远东拟沙丁鱼最适栖息地面积有增大趋势,11月份最适栖息地延伸到37°N以北的地区。该研究表明SSH、SST、Chl-a的变化对西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭潜在栖息地分布变化均有重要影响,而EKE、SSS是造成二者之间潜在栖息地分布变化差异的主要原因。     

Comparing biofloc,clear-water,and hybrid nursery systems (Part I): Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production,water quality,and stable isotope dynamics

Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m²) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m⁻³. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs.     

Diazotroph community structure and abundance in wheat–fallow and wheat–pea crop rotations

Biological input of nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere by free-living diazotrophs can help alleviate fertilizer use in agricultural systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of N fertilizer and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop on the community structure and abundance of free-living diazotrophs in a two year study of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) no-till production system in Eastern Oregon, USA. Based on quantification of the nifH gene, diazotroph abundance was strongly influenced by plant species and the crop year in which the soil samples were collected. A greater amount of nifH copies was recovered in 2012 compared to 2011 either as copies per gram soil or normalized to the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The quantity of genes was greater under pea than wheat in 2012 although no difference was observed in the preceding year. The nifH gene abundance was positively correlated to ammonium concentration in 2011 and bacterial abundance in 2012. Nitrogen application did not influence diazotroph abundance in the top 0–5 cm; however the abundance was reduced by application at the lower 5–10 cm depth under wheat crop. The diazotroph community structure appeared to be influenced more by N fertilization rather than plant species with the exception of wheat in 2012. Changes in the community structure over the two years were greater for fertilized than unfertilized soil. Collectively, these data suggest that year-to-year variability had a greater influence on diazotroph communities rather than specific parameters of plant species, fertilization, total N, total organic C, or soil pH. Multi-year studies are necessary to define the specific drivers of diazotroph abundance, community structure and function.     

Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae

In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death.