有机无机肥配施对烤烟生长及产质量的影响

以K326为材料,通过田间试验,研究了有机无机肥与化肥配施对烤烟生长发育、产量及质量的影响。结果表明:施用贝斯特有机无机肥(T4处理)和圣农有机无机肥能够促进烟株生长,显著地提高烤烟的产量和产值。T4处理的烤后烟叶外观质量较好,内在化学成分更协调,感官质量评吸结果最佳。     

混合溶剂提取杜仲籽油工艺研究

以杜仲籽为原料、环己烷和石油醚的混合溶液为提取溶剂,进行杜仲籽油提取工艺研究。对影响杜仲籽油提取得率的料液比、溶剂密度、提取温度、提取时间等单因素进行探讨,采用正交试验进一步对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:提取杜仲籽油的最佳工艺为料液比1∶8(g/mL)、溶剂密度为0.754 g/cm3、提取温度60℃、提取时间60 min,在此条件下杜仲籽毛油提取得率为30.10%。     

不同工况柴油机排气余热回收系统试验与仿真

基于有机朗肯循环(Organic rankine cycle,ORC)设计了柴油机排气余热回收系统。建立了ORC热力学仿真模型预测系统回收性能,并对某款柴油发动机在有、无ORC作用下分别进行试验,对比了试验数据与仿真结果,验证了模型的有效性。将模型应用于不同工况下,观察不同工质流量对ORC净功率及热效率的影响,结果表明ORC净功率随着转速的增加而增加,不同工况下最大热效率均为12.1%,且对应的工质流量选择区间随着转速的提高而扩大,此区间的确定可为ORC试验时工质流量范围的选择提供参考依据。     

Effect of lithological substrate on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in brown soil profiles in the northern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial activity along forest brown soil profiles sequence developed on different lithological substrates (carbonate or non-carbonated cement in sandstone formations) at different altitudes. The main question posed was: does carbonate affect the biochemical activity of brown soil profiles at different altitudes? For the purpose of this study, four soil profiles with different amounts and compositions of SOM developed on different lithological substrates were selected: two with carbonate (MB and MZ) and the other two with non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations (MF1 and MF2). Chemical and biochemical properties of soil were analysed along soil profiles in order to assess the SOM quantity and quality, namely total organic C (C_org), water extractable organic C (WEOC) and humification indices (HI, DH, HR). Microbial biomass (C_mic and N_mic) content, as well as the specific activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and chitinase enzymes were chosen as indicators of biochemical activity. The soil biochemical properties provided evidence of better conditions for microorganisms in MB than in MF1, MF2 and MZ soil profiles, since patterns of microbial biomass content and activity might be expected in response to the amount and quality of organic substances. The different lithological substrates did not show any clear effect on soil microbial biomass content, since similar values were obtained in MF1, MF2 (with non-carbonated cement) and MZ (with carbonate). However, the specific activities of acid phosphatase (per unit of C_org and per unit of C_mic) were higher in soils with no carbonate (MF1 and MF2) than in soils with carbonate (MB and MZ). In conclusion, the biochemical activity along brown soil profiles was mainly regulated by different soil organic matter content and quality, while the two different lithological substrates (with carbonate or non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations) did not show any direct effect on microbial biomass and its activity. However, the activity of acid phosphatase per unit of C was particularly enhanced in soil with non-carbonate cement in the sandstone formations.     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

Unfrozen water content moderates temperature dependence of sub-zero microbial respiration

Abrupt increases in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration below 0 °C have been interpreted as a change in the dominance of other co-dependent environmental controls, such as the availability of liquid-state water. Yet the relationship between unfrozen water content and soil respiration at sub-zero temperatures has received little attention because of difficulties in measuring unfrozen water contents. Using a recently-developed semi-solid ²H NMR technique the unfrozen water content present in seasonally frozen boreal forest soils was quantified and related to biotic CO₂ efflux in laboratory microcosms maintained at temperatures between −0.5 and −8 °C. In both soils the unfrozen water content had an exponential relationship with temperature and was increased by addition of KCl solutions of defined osmotic potential. Approximately 13% unfrozen water was required to release the dependence of soil respiration on unfrozen water content. Depending on the osmotic potential of soil solution, this threshold unfrozen water content was associated with temperatures down to −6 °C; yet if temperature were the predictor of CO₂ efflux, then the abrupt increase in the temperature sensitivity of CO₂ efflux was associated with −2 °C, except in soils amended with −1500 kPa KCl which did not show any abrupt changes in temperature sensitivity. The KCl-amendments also had the effect of decreasing Q₁₀ values and activation energies (Ea) by factors of 100 and three, respectively, to values comparable with those for soil respiration in unfrozen soil. The disparity between the threshold temperatures and the reductions in Q₁₀ values and activation energies after KCl amendment indicates the significance of unfrozen water availability as an environmental control of equal importance to temperature acting on sub-zero soil respiration. However, this significance was diminished when soils were supplied with abundant labile C (sucrose) and the influences of other environmental controls, allied to the solubility and diffusion of respiratory substrates and gases, are considered to increase.     

Dominant effects of litter substrate quality on the difference between leaf and root decomposition process above- and belowground

Initial decomposition rates, changes in organic chemical components (acid-insoluble fraction, holocellulose, polyphenols, soluble carbohydrates) and nutrient dynamics (K, Mg, Ca, P, N) were examined for fine roots and leaves of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Litterbag experiments designed to evaluate the relative effects of litter type and position of litter supply in the soil were carried out, considering that root and leaf litter typically occupy different locations and have different substrate qualities. Litterbags of roots and leaves were placed at two positions (on the soil surface and in the humus layer), and collected every 3 months over one year. The mass loss rate and N release were slower during root decomposition in the humus layer than during leaf decomposition on the soil surface. These differences between root and leaf decomposition were mainly caused by the litter type, and the effect of the position on decomposition was relatively small. Root litter was less influenced by position related effects, such as differences in humidity, than leaf litter, and this recalcitrant trait to environmental effects may be responsible for the slower mass loss rate and N release in root decomposition. The results of the present study suggest that fine roots are persistent in the soil and serve an important role in N retention in forest ecosystems because of their litter substrate quality.     

黄土高原北部典型县域耕地土壤碳氮时空变异特征及影响因素

黄土高原生态环境脆弱，耕地质量的变化直接影响土地生产力的高低。选取其北部典型县域——天镇县，研究长时期耕地土壤有机质和全氮的时空演变规律及其影响因素，为黄土高原耕地质量提升和农业生态环境保护提供理论依据。基于1983年、2008年和2019年耕地质量数据，运用地统计学等方法分析天镇县有机质和全氮的时空演变特征。结果发现：（1）36年（1983—2019年）来，天镇县土壤有机质和全氮含量呈现整体上升、后期快速增加的变化特征。有机质和全氮含量的年均增加量前期（1983—2008年）较低，分别为0.20 g?kg-1和0.01 g?kg-1，在后期（2008—2019年）较高，分别为0.29 g?kg-1和0.03 g?kg-1。碳氮比呈现前期无显著变化，后期显著降低。（2）36年来土壤有机质和全氮的块基比均提升至高于25%，表明地形等自然因素影响逐渐减弱，施肥等人为因素影响增强。（3）土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布特征相似，呈现西部低、东部高的格局，西北部和中部的变化速度快。综上，36年（1983—2019年）来，施肥及秸秆还田等因素是导致天镇县有机质和全氮含量变化的主要因素，因此，结合当地条件增施有机肥、推广秸秆还田并合理施用氮肥能快速提升耕地土壤肥力。     

有机附加物对蓝猪耳试管开花的影响

[目的]探讨蓝猪耳试管开花的最佳条件。[方法]以蓝猪耳茎段为外植体,通过不同的培养基处理进行开花诱导,探讨有机附加物对蓝猪耳试管开花的影响。[结果]水解酪蛋白(CH)和酵母浸出液(YE)对蓝猪耳试管苗的生长发育有促进作用,缩短了蓝猪耳试管成花时间,促进根生长。[结论]以1/2MS为基本培养基,蔗糖浓度为60 g/L和有机物为50 mg/L CH时,蓝猪耳试管开花的效果最好。     

大棚有机基质栽培厚皮甜瓜品种的筛选

选服７个厚皮甜瓜品种进行大棚有机基质栽培比较试验，结果表明，天蜜抗病，生长势强，果形圆整，品质较好，可作为南京地区设施无土栽培的推广品种。