Effect of Cropping on Changes in Phosphorus Fractions of Soils from Arable and Other Forest Land Use: A Greenhouse Bioassay

Abstract

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted on six soils from natural reserves, seven plantation soils, and two arable soils from the Omo biosphere reserves in southwestern Nigeria to assess the phosphorus (P) fractions and the extent to which the soils could support five consecutive cycles of maize (Zea mays L.) harvest. The organic‐P fractions constitutes about 50% of the total P, and the inorganic‐P fractions in the order of abundance was iron (Fe) P>occluded P>aluminum (Al)‐P>calcium (Ca) P. The residual P constituted about 20% of the total P. There were significant reductions in the inorganic‐P fractions after five consecutive maize harvests; this was however, more pronounced in the available P (Bray 1). About 62% reduction in Bray 1 P was recorded after maize harvests. The reductions in the P forms after five cycles of maize harvest was Bray 1 P>Ca P>residual P>Al P>total P>Fe P>organic P>occluded P>reductant P. The capacity of the soils to support maize growth without fertilization varied widely in each of the maize cycle. Soil from natural reserves produced a significantly higher maize yield compared to most plantation soils. The arable soils investigated were depleted of their fertility after the third crop harvest.     

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Potential to Contribute Solubilized Soil Phosphorus to Subsequent Crops

Reports supporting folklore beliefs that buckwheat (BW) can significantly contribute solubilized phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble soil P to subsequent crops remain anecdotal. To quantify P solubilized by BW from five inorganic and three organic pools in a Fargo silty clay, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (WHT) was grown as a reference crop to compare P mineralized and P uptake in a complete randomized design. Following fractionation and analysis, P changes between pools indicated solubilization from recalcitrant to less recalcitrant P pools. Calcium-bound P contributed the most P (72% of inorganic pool) to the available fraction, and P uptake by BW (40 kg ha^?1) was significantly greater than wheat (16 kg ha^?1) from the inorganic pools, whereas WHT uptake was significantly greater (P < 0.05) from the organic pool. Following harvest, more P was found in available P pools after BW compared to WHT, suggesting potential solubilization of P to subsequent crops compared with WHT.     

有机认证新标准的解析及对我国有机蔬菜产业的影响

最近发布实施的有机产品认证新标准对有机产品认证提出了更加严格的要求。通过对新标准的解析,系统阐述了新标准对有机蔬菜在生产资料选择、生产过程中的轮作、产品的检测、销售和质量追溯体系建立等方面的要求,分析了新标准对今后我国有机蔬菜产业发展的影响。     

Short and long‐term distribution with depth of soil organic carbon and nutrients under traditional and conservation tillage in a Mediterranean environment (southwest Spain)

The impacts of tillage and cropping sequences on soil organic matter and nutrients have been frequently reported to affect the uppermost soil layers, but there is little published information concerning effects at greater depth. This article reports results on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), active carbon (AC), N, Olsen‐P and extractable K within 100 cm in short (4 yr) and long (16 yr) term experiments under different tillage systems. Short (TT₄) and long (TT₁₆) traditional tillage are compared with conservation tillage, reduced (RT₁₆) and non‐tillage (NT₄). The results show more accumulation of SOC in the near‐surface under RT₁₆ and NT₄ in both experiments compared with traditional tillage. Moreover, greater C content occurs to 40 cm depth in the long‐term experiment. The results demonstrate the importance of time on C accumulation, not only in near‐surface layers but also at greater depths. Active C is an indicator of the increase in soil quality in the long‐term experiment. This trend is only apparent for the first 10 cm in the short‐term experiment. Patterns in N, Olsen‐P and extractable K are similar to that of SOC. However, only extractable K is significantly greater in soil under conservation tillage (RT₁₆ and NT₄) after short and long periods. Potassium availability is a good indicator of the changes caused by tillage. Our results indicate that studies of soils at depth could be very useful in long‐term experiments to demonstrate the effect of conservation tillage on C and nutrient distribution.     

东北农牧交错带小尾寒羊集群放牧系统中钙、磷元素营养状况分析

对我国东北农牧交错带内小尾寒羊集群放牧生态系统中5、7、9月钙、磷元素的营养状况进行了分析。结果表明:牧地土壤中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为1.46%、178.88μg/g;小尾寒羊2种主食牧草中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为0.39%、256.26μg/g;小尾寒羊羊毛中钙元素的总平均含量为2111.45μg/g;小尾寒羊羊血中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为69.65μg/g、10.21μg/g;小尾寒羊羊骨中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为4.44%、2.45%。据此认为,在该交错带集群放牧的小尾寒羊不会发生钙缺乏症或中毒病,但可能发生磷缺乏症。     

菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系

以棉籽壳为主料,对平菇、刺芹侧耳、黄伞、灵芝、金针菇和香菇原种培养期间的菌丝生长速度、呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,6种食用菌的菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗正相关,而有机物的降解速率与胞外酶活性的大小没有相关性。     

15种杀虫杀螨剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力测定

采用玻片浸渍法，对15种杀虫杀螨剂对香蕉皮氏叶螨的室内毒力进行了测定。结果表明：供试药剂中以阿维菌素对皮氏叶螨的雌成螨的毒力为最高，LC50为0.005 5 mg/L，其次为鱼藤酮，LC50为0.017 3 mg/L，毒力最低的为吡虫啉，LC50为113.101 4 mg/L；15种供试药剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力大小顺序依次为：阿维菌素＞鱼藤酮＞唑螨酯＞哒螨灵＞毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞高氯苯＞联苯菊酯＞功夫＞螺螨酯＞甲氰菊酯＞丙溴磷＞敌敌畏＞炔螨特＞吡虫啉。     

不同灌排模式稻田排水中氮磷流失规律

为了研究不同灌排模式稻田排水中氯磷流失规律,以集成合理的节水灌溉与控制排水技术,在江苏高邮开展田间试验.试验区排水斗沟出口处设水位调控闸门,在水稻不同生育阶段对排水沟水位及田间水分进行控制,形成新型的控制灌排模式.与常规灌排模式进行对比,两年田间试验成果表明,控制灌排模式较常规灌排模式节水16.7%,增产7.1%,排水总量减少54%,水稻全生育期稻田排水中NH4+;-N、NO3-N与TP流失总量分别减少38.07%、82.29%和52.15%,节水减排和降污效果显著.采用控制灌排模式,通过实施灌水调控和排水管理.控制了氮磷流失关键时期的排水量.高效利用了水分和养分,取得了节水高产、减排控污的效果.     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.