Enhancement of protective immune responses by oral vaccination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA or ApxIIA in mice

We previously induced protective immune response by oral immunization with yeast expressing the ApxIIA antigen. The ApxI antigen is also an important factor in the protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 infection; therefore, the protective immunity in mice following oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing either ApxIA (group C) or ApxIIA (group D) alone or both (group E) was compared with that in two control groups (group A and B). The immunogenicity of the rApxIA antigen derived from the yeast was confirmed by a high survival rate and an ApxIA-specific IgG antibody response (p < 0.01). The highest systemic (IgG) and local (IgA) humoral immune responses to ApxIA and ApxIIA were detected in group E after the third immunization (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 after challenge with an A. pleuropneumoniae field isolate did not change significantly in the vaccinated groups. The level of TNF-α increased in a time-dependent manner in group E but was not significantly different after the challenge. After the challenge, the mice in group E had a significantly lower infectious burden and a higher level of protection than the mice in the other groups (p < 0.05). The survival rate in each group was closely correlated to the immune response and histopathological observations in the lung following the challenge. These results suggested that immunity to the ApxIA antigen is required for optimal protection.     

铝中毒对蛋鸡白细胞和红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用连续腹腔注射相同体积不同浓度梯度的三氯化铝，建立不同程度的鸡亚慢性铝中毒型，检测铝中毒雏鸡外周血白细胞数(WBC)、淋巴细胞总数、ANAE+T数及红细胞C3b受体花环率和红细胞免疫复合物花环率。结果表明，铝中毒雏鸡外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞总数、ANAE+T数及红细胞C3b受体花环率均明显低于健康对照组雏鸡，而红细胞免疫复合物花环率明显高于健康对照组雏鸡。上述结果说明, 铝中毒对雏鸡细胞免疫和非特异性免疫功能有明显的抑制作用。     

脂肪对家禽免疫的影响

营养因素对家禽免疫具有重要作用。脂肪是家禽必需的重要营养元素之一，不仅是维持家禽正常生长、繁殖、生产不可缺少的组成成分与营养物质，也是调节家禽免疫器官、组织和免疫应答反应不可缺少的物质基础。作者从脂肪的生理营养功能，就其对家禽的免疫器官发育、体液免疫、细胞免疫、非特异性免疫、细胞因子产生的影响等方面进行了综述。为合理配制家禽日粮，提高家禽抵抗疾病的能力提供理论依据。     

乳腺分泌物中体细胞的研究进展

不同物种的乳腺分泌物中含有的细胞成分被称为体细胞,其中包括淋巴细胞、白细胞、巨噬细胞和上皮细胞。物种、乳腺感染情况、不同生理阶段和饲养管理条件等因素均会影响乳中的体细胞数量和细胞类型。近年来,乳中体细胞得到了人们的关注和深入研究,显示出广阔的应用前景。人们利用从初乳和常乳中得到的乳腺上皮细胞已经成功进行了乳腺细胞的原代培养和建立了乳腺细胞系,为乳生成、被动免疫转移和乳腺癌的研究提供了良好平台。体细胞中提取的RNA代表了乳腺组织的基因表达,因此为研究乳腺组织的基因表达提供了方便、良好的来源。     

H5N2与H5N1禽流感油乳灭活疫苗免疫鹅群对H5N1流行株攻毒的保护效力及母源抗体对免疫效力的干扰

应用H5N2和H5N12种类型禽流感油乳灭活疫苗分别免疫鹅群,观察比较了二者对H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒的攻毒保护效力。结果表明,在同等剂量免疫条件下,从发病率、死亡率和泄殖腔排毒规律3项指标综合评价来看,H5N1灭活苗水禽免疫组对高致病性禽流感H5N1流行株攻毒的保护效率较H5N2灭活苗理想,且水禽禽流感母源抗体对灭活苗免疫具有一定的干扰作用。     

Comparative immunology

As a discipline, comparative immunology enhances zoology and has gained wide acceptance in the biological sciences. It is an offshoot of the parent field, immunology, and is an amalgam of immunology and zoology. All animals from protozoans to humans have solved the threat of extinction by having evolved an immune‐defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign, non‐self microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic self. Invertebrate‐type innate immune responses evolved first and they characterize the metazoans. These rapid natural responses act immediately and are often essential for the occurrence of slower, more specific, adaptive vertebrate‐type immune responses. As components of the innate immune system, there is an emphasis on several major steps in the evolutionary process: (i) recognition; (ii) the phagocytic cell; and (iii) the natural killer cell. When vertebrates evolved, beginning with fish, thymus‐controlled T cells first appeared, as did bone marrow‐derived B cells (first found in amphibians with long bones). These were the precursors of the plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. Confirming the concept of self/non‐self, invertebrates possess natural, non‐adaptive, innate, non‐clonal, non‐anticipatory immune responses, whereas vertebrates possess adaptive, acquired, clonal, and anticipatory responses. This symposium concerns: (i) aspects of the immune spectrum in representative groups; (ii) specific findings (in particular models; e.g. earthworms); (iii) clues as to the possible biomedical application of relevant molecules derived from animals, notably invertebrates; and (iv) some views on the more practical applications of understanding immune systems of invertebrates and ectotherms, and their possible role in survival.     

DNA疫苗的作用机制及新型免疫策略的研究进展

疫苗是预防和控制严重传染病的重要手段，将基因工程用于疫苗生产已经成为生物技术的热点内容之一。治疗性基因工程疫苗是近些年研究的重点，并迅速从治疗传染性疾病的研究扩展到非传染性疾病的研究，如治疗性乙肝疫苗、治疗性肿瘤疫苗等。本文针对这一热点阐述基因工程DNA疫苗的作用机制及新型免疫策略研究的进展。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S基因核酸疫苗免疫小鼠体液免疫功能变化的研究

本实验对TGEV S基因核酸疫苗免疫后体液免疫功能变化进行了研究,同时比较了两种核酸疫苗单独免疫小鼠后体液免疫应答的变化,证明重组核酸疫苗诱导小鼠产生体液免疫应答。     

爱拔益加肉鸡和北京油鸡体液免疫及细胞免疫功能的比较研究

试验选用1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡和北京油鸡公雏各72只。检测新城疫抗体效价,牛血清白蛋白抗体水平,外周血T、B淋巴细胞转化率以及T淋巴细胞亚群等指标。结果表明:北京油鸡二免后第7天的新城疫抗体效价和二免后第6天的牛血清白蛋白抗体水平都比AA肉鸡的高,但均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。北京油鸡的脂多糖(LPS)刺激指数始终比AA肉鸡的高(P>0.05);21日龄时,北京油鸡的刀豆素(A ConA)刺激指数、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量以及CD4+/CD8+都比AA肉鸡的高,但均无显著性差异(P>0.05);而42日龄时,AA肉鸡的ConA刺激指数、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量以及CD4+/CD8+却高于北京油鸡(P<0.05)。本试验结果提示,AA肉鸡和北京油鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能之间存在一定的差异,但差异不显著。     

半胱胺对中华鳖生长性能和非特异性免疫功能的影响研究

试验研究了半胱胺对中华鳖生长性能和非特异性免疫功能的影响,并对其机理进行了初步探讨。选取750只健康、活泼的中华鳖,平均体重(220±10)g,分成5个组,每个组设3个重复,每个重复50只。对照组基础日粮中不添加半胱胺,其余各组为试验组,半胱胺添加方式及添加量如下:试验Ⅰ组断续添加(每6天添加一次,6000mg/kg);试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组分别每天连续添加500、1000和1500mg/kg。试验期90d。试验结果表明:半胱胺能够提高中华鳖成活率、增重率、摄食率和饲料效率,且连续添加效果好于断续添加,当半胱胺含量达到1000mg/kg时,中华鳖增重率、摄食率和饲料效率达到最高(P<0.05);半胱胺使中华鳖血清胃泌素水平升高,血清生长抑素水平降低;1000mg/kg半胱胺可以显著提高中华鳖肌肉RNA/DNA比率(P<0.05);半胱胺还可以增强中华鳖血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,但不同添加方式及剂量之间无显著性差异,血清溶菌酶含量在500mg/kg半胱胺添加组最高(P<0.05)。由本试验结果可以看出,半胱胺对中华鳖具有促进生长、增强免疫的作用,是一种良好的生物添加剂,且其适宜添加量为每天连续添加1000mg/kg。