稀土元素处理对甘蔗体内氮素同化作用的影响研究

本文报道应用稀土元素处理甘蔗（Soccharum officinarum L.)叶片，分析测定了硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮、游氨基酸组分及游离氨基酸含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）活性等变化以及NR活性与硝态氮含量的关系。研究稀土元素处理对甘蔗体内氮素同化作用的影响。结果表明，应用100－600ppm稀土元素处理甘蔗叶片均能不同程度地减少其硝态氮含量，提高其氨态氮、总氮、游离氨基酸总含量以及NR活性，但游离氨基酸组分没发生变化，各处理浓度中以300ppm处理的效果为最显著，高浓度稀土元素处理则呈抑制效应。甘蔗叶片硝态氮含量与叶片NR活性具有平行关系，即凡硝态氮含量高，NR活性也高，凡硝态氮含量低，NR活性也低，以上结果，说明一定浓度范围的稀土元素处理能促进甘蔗的氮素同化作用。     

氮肥集约度对小白菜硝酸盐积累的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥集约度对小白菜中硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,氮肥是小白菜硝态氮累积的主要来源,随着氮肥施用量的增加,小白菜茎叶中硝酸盐含量也随着增加.为减少硝酸盐含量的累积,应适当控制氮肥用量.     

氮素不同水平对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响

试验以莴苣为试验材料,采用基质培方法,研究了氮素不同供应水平对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在供试条件下,随着氮素供应水平的提高,莴苣中的硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性和单株产量都随之而增加;在总氮供应水平超过3.2mmol/L(N3)以后,硝酸盐含量超出了食用的安全范围,故总氮供应水平以3.2mmol/L(N3)为宜.     

不同氮素水平下生菜累积硝酸盐能力的品种差异分析

利用盆栽试验研究了生菜3个不同品种(苦苣、大速生、油麦)在不同氮素供应水平(0、0.2、0.4、0.6gN/kg土)下硝酸盐累积能力的差异。研究结果表明:同一氮肥水平下不同品种生菜硝酸盐含量和硝酸还原酶活性均存在显著性差异;在不同氮肥水平下,生菜各个品种硝酸盐含量具有显著差异性,且随氮肥水平的升高,其硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈递增趋势。因此,实际生产中选择降低硝酸盐措施时应将降低氮肥施用量及筛选低硝酸盐含量品种同时加以考虑。     

氨基酸和尿素替代硝态氮对水培不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量的影响

 研究了甘氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸的不同组合及尿素替代 2 0 %硝态氮对水培不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量和品质的影响。结果表明 ,在采收前 12d替代处理 ,与对照相比 ,以甘氨酸对不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量降低效果最好 ,甘氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸三者混合氨基酸其次 ,尿素次之 ;同时氨基酸处理也提高了两种蔬菜叶片可溶性糖和蛋白质含量 ,并显著增加了叶片全氮量。氨基酸替代硝态氮后 ,增强了不结球白菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性 ,但削弱生菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性。氨基酸和尿素都降低了不结球白菜和生菜体内硝酸盐含量 ,而且对不结球白菜 ,氨基酸与尿素效果相近 ,但对生菜氨基酸比尿素更有效。氨基酸部分替代硝态氮不但可以显著降低两种蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量 ,而且可以改善品质     

氮肥运筹对优质小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶活性的影响

选择不同追肥量和追肥时期 ,研究了氮肥运筹对优质小麦旗叶展开后NR活性和光合速率的影响。结果表明 ,旗叶全展后 ,2个品种NR活性变化趋势基本一致 ,开花期达到高峰 ,以后逐渐下降 ;拔节期施肥的NR活性显著高于开花期施肥处理 ,且开花期施肥的NR活性在开花以后下降缓慢 ;拔节期施肥可明显促进开花期的光合速率。泰山 2 1号拔节期施中肥和高肥 ,可保持整个生育期的光合速率处于较高水平 ,而泰山 2 2号中肥量处理 ( 9z1 ,9z2 )的光合速率则处于较高水平。Yg1、Yz1、 9z1、 9z2处理不仅NR活性高 ,而且光合速率高且平稳。     

一株反硝化细菌的分离及其反硝化特性

[目的]研究微生物对氮素污染的脱除作用,为在生产实践中更好地开发利用反硝化细菌提供依据。[方法]通过定向富集法,从淄博市一印染厂的污水处理系统中采集的活性污泥中分离出一株反硝化细菌D3,并对该细菌的反硝化特性进行系统的研究。[结果]反硝化细菌D3为一革兰氏阴性短杆菌,在限制性反硝化培养基中60 h内可将硝酸根脱除10.43%~13.13%。该菌可利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和碳酸氢钠为唯一碳源进行反硝化,其中最适碳源为柠檬酸钠。适合该菌反硝化的碳氮摩尔比为12.0∶1.0。最适投菌浓度为9.6×108CFU/L。[结论]牛肉膏、酵母粉、蛋白胨和乙酰胺等含有机氮的添加因子不能有效促进硝酸根的脱除,而反硝化细菌D3则更适合脱除有机氮含量低的一些工业污水中的硝态氮。     

小麦根高亲和NO_3~-转运体全长基因(TaNRT2.1)的克隆和鉴定

 在前期获得的 pTaAF 的工作基础上,采用 RACE 方法进一步克隆和鉴定了小麦根 NO3 转运体全长基因-(TaNRT2.1)。将TaNRT2.1和已知的硝态氮转运体基因家族进行同源性比较,指出TaNRT2.1属于HATS中的NRT2家族。Southern　印迹揭示小麦基因组中有1个TaNRT2.1拷贝。Northern　分析示出硝态氮可瞬时诱导TaNRT2.1　mRNA积累,NO 处理 1 h　TaNRT2.1　mRNA很快增加,4　h 达到最大,24　h恢复至诱导前水平,具根专一表达特点。 - 3     

Effect of tile effluent on nutrient concentration and retention efficiency in agricultural drainage ditches

Tile drainage is a common water management practice in many agricultural landscapes in the Midwestern United States. Drainage ditches regularly receive water from agricultural fields through these tile drains. This field-scale study was conducted to determine the impact of tile discharge on ambient nutrient concentration, nutrient retention and transport in drainage ditches. Grab water samples were collected during three flow regimes for the determination of soluble phosphorus (SP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentrations and their retention in three drainage ditches. Measured nutrient concentration indicated lower SP and NH₄⁺-N, and greater NO₃-N concentrations in tile effluents compared to the ditch water. Net uptake lengths were relatively long, especially for NO₃-N, indicating that nutrients were generally not assimilated efficiently in these drainage systems. Results also indicated that the study reaches were very dynamic showing alternating increases or decreases in nutrient concentration across the flow regimes. The drainage ditches appeared to be nutrient-rich streams that could potentially influence the quality of downstream waters.     

Optimized denitrification bioreactor treatment through simulated drainage containment

In the design of wood-based, enhanced-denitrification bioreactors to treat nitrate in agricultural drainage, the consideration of the highly variable flow rates and nitrate concentrations inherent to many drainage systems is important. For optimized mitigation of these nitrate loads, it may be best to contain drainage water prior to treatment in order to facilitate longer, more constant retention times rather than to allow cycles of flushing and dry periods in the denitrification bioreactor. Simulated containment prior to bioreactor treatment compared to passing drainage directly through a bioreactor was investigated with the use of six pilot-scale denitrification bioreactors constructed with plywood and filled with Pinus radiata woodchips at Massey University No. 4 Dairy Farm (Palmerston North, New Zealand). Initial bromide tracer tests were followed with a series of five simulated drainage events each at successively declining inflow nitrate concentrations. During each drainage event, three pilot bioreactors received a simulated hydrograph lasting 1.5 days (Non-Containment treatment) and three pilot bioreactors received the same total drainage volume treated over 4 days at a constant flow rate (i.e. constant retention time; Containment treatment). Results showed significantly different total mass removal efficiencies of 14.0% vs. 36.9% and significantly different removal rates of 2.1 g N m⁻³ day⁻¹ vs. 6.7 g N m⁻³ day⁻¹ for the Non-Containment and Containment treatments, respectively, which indicated that treating drainage at constant retention times provided more optimized nitrate removal. While this work was done to evaluate treatment under New Zealand drainage conditions, it also provides valuable information for optimizing agricultural drainage denitrification bioreactor performance in general.