四川会理县集体林权制度改革探讨

集体林权制度改革是林业建设的重要内容,分析四川会理县集体林权制度改革中存在的经营机制不活、管理模式落后、市场流转机制不活等问题,提出深入推进配套改革的建议。     

ArcPad在营造林外业调查系统中的应用

详细介绍了ArcPad在支持GIS的PDA设备中的应用技术,以营造林外业调查系统为例,详细给出了通过ArcPad结合空间数据库在PDA设备中构建营造林外业调查系统的方法和步骤。     

The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

大花黄牡丹枝条二次发育特点的观察

在西藏林芝地区和河南芍药科迁地保护中心观察了中国特有植物大花黄牡丹(Peaonia ludlowii)的枝条发育。结果表明:大花黄牡丹春季花枝在花期前后第2次萌发枝条,二次枝秋季并不"枯枝退梢",这是区别牡丹组其他种和栽培品种的特征之一。二次枝顶芽分化成具花、叶原基和腋芽原基的复合芽,从分化起始到开花结实历经3个年周期,约17~20个月。二次枝的生长、顶芽分化与种实发育同步并可增加群落冠层高度。非采挖性砍伐有利于枝条更新。     

内蒙古桦木沟林场不同地貌野生花卉资源分布

内蒙古桦木沟林场地形地貌类型广泛,野花资源丰富,尚未得到有效开发。为了解野生花卉资源习性和生物学特征,开发利用野花资源,在路径调查的基础上,采用典型样地调查法,调查分析了其野花资源分布。共调查野花资源177种,隶属于40科129属,菊科、豆科、毛茛科等种类和种群数量较丰富。不同地貌Margalef丰富度指数1.35~8.28,Shannon-Wiener指数变异范围1.42~2.59,Simpson指数为0.59~0.96,湿地草甸、疏林草地物种多样性丰富,沙地多样性最低。湿度、光照等是影响野花多样性分布的重要因素。林场分布着丰富而有较大开发价值的喜光、耐荫、耐涝、喜湿、耐旱等不同生态型野生花卉。部分野生花卉资源濒危,亟需保护。     

湖南桃花源国家森林公园森林景观改造规划

通过对湖南桃花源国家森林公园植被及森林景观的现状分析,在剖析其设计理念与构思的基础上,结合森林公园总体规划布局,采取补植、封育、更新、抚育、综合改造等具体植被改造措施,达到绿化、美化、多样化的森林景观的提质改造建设目标。     

国家级公益林区划成果落界探讨——以兰州市为例

按照国家及甘肃省技术要求、工作流程进行了兰州市国家级公益林区划落界工作,结果为兰州市国家级公益林本期区划落界132611.07 hm^2,剔除了2013年上报中的16104.46 hm^2,在林地类型、区位、权属等方面更符合国家级公益林的条件要求,从地类、生态区位等方面还分析了国家级公益林的面积结构。     

广西县级林地变更调查试点技术方法

为探索广西县级林地年度变更调查技术方法,以鹿寨县为例,运用遥感自动检测技术、森林资源管理信息平台等,对地类及管理属性变化图斑进行变更,形成本期林地数据库和林地变化数据库。文章分析了林地变更调查的关键技术方法,指出了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

Nutrient cycling and biomass flows in a low-quality forest stand improvement system in the Lesser Khingan Range of China

The material flow and bulk internal flow analyses were used to establish a material accumulation and cycling model for a low-quality forest stand improvement system and a series of processes were considered. The model was applied in a one-hectare low-quality forest plot in the Lesser Khingan Range of China. Results showed that during 1997–2007, the stands absorbed 270.19 kg of N, 74.28 kg of P, and 124.39 kg of K from soils, 51.82 kg of N and 2.38 kg of P were directly absorbed by foliage, and 16.25 kg of K was released to soils by eluviation. Until 2007, the accumulated nutrients in the stands included 236.91 kg of N, 65.28 kg of P, and 108.55 kg of K. When horizontal strip clearcutting was applied in 2007, 50% accumulated nutrients in the stands were shifted due to harvesting operations, and 212.74 kg of N, 26.97 kg of P, and 98.88 kg of K were accumulated in soils, declining by 9.47% for N, 3.68% for P, and 17.60% for K, respectively, compared with year 1997. 94.61 t per hectare of biomass was generated, of which the biomass in stands accounted for 87.36%. The felled tree biomass was 36.89 t per hectare, of which 84.90% and 10.03% of biomass were utilized in terms of logs and other means, and the rest was left on site.     

Enhancing pedotransfer functions with environmental data for estimating bulk density and effective cation exchange capacity in a data‐sparse situation

Soil bulk density (BD) and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) are among the most important soil properties required for crop growth and environmental management. This study aimed to explore the combination of soil and environmental data in developing pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for BD and ECEC. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest model (RFM) were employed in developing PTFs using three different data sets: soil data (PTF‐1), environmental data (PTF‐2) and the combination of soil and environmental data (PTF‐3). In developing the PTFs, three depth increments were also considered: all depth, topsoil (<0.40 m) and subsoil (>0.40 m). Results showed that PTF‐3 (R²; 0.29–0.69) outperformed both PTF‐1 (R²; 0.11–0.18) and PTF‐2 (R²; 0.22–0.59) in BD estimation. However, for ECEC estimation, PTF‐3 (R²; 0.61–0.86) performed comparably as PTF‐1 (R²; 0.58–0.76) with both PTFs out‐performing PTF‐2 (R²; 0.30–0.71). Also, grouping of data into different soil depth increments improves the estimation of BD with PTFs (especially PTF‐2 and PTF‐3) performing better at subsoils than topsoils. Generally, the most important predictors of BD are sand, silt, elevation, rainfall, temperature for estimation at topsoil while EVI, elevation, temperature and clay are the most important BD predictors in the subsoil. Also, clay, sand, pH, rainfall and SOC are the most important predictors of ECEC in the topsoil while pH, sand, clay, temperature and rainfall are the most important predictors of ECEC in the subsoil. Findings are important for overcoming the challenges of building national soil databases for large‐scale modelling in most data‐sparse countries, especially in the sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).