The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Landscape, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China;2. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China;1. Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy;2. DAGRI, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy;3. NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy;4. ARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France;5. United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;6. INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania;7. Transilvania University, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, 1, Ludwig van Beethoven Street, Brasov 500123, Romania;8. Value - Laboratory on Green, Health & Wellbeing, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;1. College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China;2. Linan Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, TV, Tourism and Sport, Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang Province, PR China;3. Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, United States;4. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China;5. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China;6. China Mobile (Zhejiang) Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310030, PR China;7. Institute of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China;2. Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China;1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA;2. Department of Geography, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA;3. Urban Forestry Division, District Department of Transportation, Washington DC, USA;1. School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China;2. Hubei Habitat Environment Research Centre of Engineering and Technology, Wuhan 430072, China;3. Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;4. Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA |
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| Abstract: | Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement. |
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| Keywords: | Urban forest governance Food forest Urban planning Municipal government Urban forestry |
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