青鳞鱼鱼肉提取物在加热过程中的性质研究

本文以青鳞鱼鱼肉为原料,采有冷水法和酶水解法制备提取物并对其在加热过程中的性质进行了研究。结果表明：①青鳞鱼鱼肉蛋白含量为68．3-71％且水溶性蛋白与水不溶性蛋白之比约为2：9;②酶水解法提取物非蛋白氮约为其总氮的50％．而冷水法提取物则为41．5％;③酶水解法提取物在50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃和90℃的温度条件下加热2h后．颜色明显加深,同时产生大量的呈香物质。但常规成分基本无变化;而冷水法提取物在同样的温度条件下,其颜色、滋味等感官特性变化不明显,但常规成分变化却明显;④提取物水溶性蛋白的变性温度为60—70℃,70—90℃时提取物总氮大部分是非蛋白氮。青鳞鱼提取物在加热过程中的这些性质为其加工和利用提供了重要的理论依据。     

The effect of homocysteine on airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts

AIM: To study the effect of homocysteine (HCY) on proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and the effect of HCY on collagen prodution of airway fibroblasts. METHODS: [³H]-TdR incorpora- tion was measured in cultured airway smooth muscle cells. The [³H]-TdR and [³H]-proline incorporation were mea- sured in cultured airway fibroblasts. RESULTS: HCY induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in a concentration - dependent manner. HCY also induced collagen production of airway fibroblasts in a concentration - dependent manner. The inhibitors of protein kinase C, H7 and polymyxin B, inhibited HCY - induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: HCY induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, HCY also induced collagen production of airway fibroblasts. The HCY - induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells may be related to the pathway of PKC signal transduction.     

Differentiation of embryonic-like stem cells derived from human bone marrow into multinucleated fibers in vitro

AIM: To compare the capacity of in vitro differentiation into multinucleated fibers between embryonic-like stem cells (ELSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human bone marrow. METHODS: To isolate ELSCs, human bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in gelatin-coated flask with serum-free Knockout-DMEM medium designed for the expansion of human embryonic stem cells. MSCs were isolated from the same bone marrow by the traditional method. The morphological characters of both ELSCs and MSCs were observed under inverted phase-contrast microscope, and the expression of their multipotent antigen markers was identified by immunofluorescent staining. ELSCs and MSCs were cultured in myogenic differentiation medium. The protein levels of muscle-specific antigen markers myosin heavy chain (MHC), myogenin and MyoD were detected by the method of immunostaining. The mRNA expression of MHC, myogenin and MyoD was detected by RT-PCR. The capacity of in vitro differentiation into multinucleated fibers was compared between ELSCs and MSCs by calculating the proportion of MHC-positive multinucleated fibers. RESULTS: ELSCs, which weakly expressed the multipotential markers Oct-4, Nanog-3 and Sox-2, were isolated from bone marrow by the method of serum-free medium. ELSCs appeared smaller, slenderer and more homogeneous, and were morphologically different from MSCs derived from the same marrow. No multipotential marker in MSCs was expressed. ELSCs and MSCs were induced into long multinucleated fibers expressing MHC and myogenin at mRNA and protein levels by culturing in the myogenic differentiation medium. However, on the 10th day after induction, the proportion of the MHC-positive fibers in ELSCs was (25.7?4.1)%, and the proportion in MSCs was (15.8?7.6)%.The capacity for differentiation into muscle in ELSCs was significantly higher than that in MSCs (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone marrow ELSCs are induced into multinucleated fibers and have the stronger myogenic differentiation capacity than MSCs derived from the same marrow. ELSCs are a more ideal candidate for muscular disease therapy.     

Novel diabetes mellitus treatment: mature canine insulin production by canine striated muscle through gene therapy

Muscle-targeted gene therapy using insulin genes has the potential to provide an inexpensive, low maintenance alternative or adjunctive treatment method for canine diabetes mellitus. A canine skeletal muscle cell line was established through primary culture, as well as through transdifferentiation of canine fibroblasts after infection with a myo-differentiation gene containing adenovirus vector. A novel mutant furin-cleavable canine preproinsulin gene insert (cppI4) was designed and created through de novo gene synthesis. Various cell lines, including the generated canine muscle cell line, were transfected with nonviral plasmids containing cppI4. Insulin and desmin immunostaining were used to prove insulin production by muscle cells and specific canine insulin ELISA to prove mature insulin secretion into the medium. The canine myoblast cultures proved positive on desmin immunostaining. All cells tolerated transfection with cppI4-containing plasmid, and double immunostaining for insulin and desmin proved present in the canine cells. Canine insulin ELISA assessment of medium of cppI4-transfected murine myoblasts and canine myoblast and fibroblast mixture proved presence of mature fully processed canine insulin, 24 and 48 h after transfection. The present study provides proof of principle that canine muscle cells can be induced to produce and secrete canine insulin on transfection with nonviral plasmid DNA containing a novel mutant canine preproinsulin gene that produces furin-cleavable canine preproinsulin. This technology could be developed to provide an alternative canine diabetes mellitus treatment option or to provide a constant source for background insulin, as well as C-peptide, alongside current treatment options.     

Cachexia and sarcopenia: emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and cats

Cachexia is the loss of lean body mass (LBM) that affects a large proportion of dogs and cats with congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer, and a variety of other chronic diseases. Sarcopenia, the loss of LBM that occurs with aging, is a related syndrome, although sarcopenia occurs in the absence of disease. As many of the diseases associated with muscle loss are more common in aging, cachexia and sarcopenia often are concurrent problems. Both cachexia and sarcopenia have important clinical implications because they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of these 2 syndromes is complex and multifactorial, but recent studies have provided new information that has helped to clarify mechanisms and identify potential new targets for treatment. Newly identified mechanisms and pathways that mediate cachexia appear to act by increasing energy requirements, decreasing energy intake, impairing nutrient absorption, and causing metabolic alterations. Whereas cachexia and sarcopenia are important areas of research for drug development in people, they are only beginning to be recognized in veterinary medicine. Greater awareness and earlier diagnosis will help provide practical approaches to managing body weight and lean tissue in dogs and cats, as well as more directed targets for treatment.     

美济礁附近海域3种金枪鱼肌肉成分检测与营养评价

为分析中国南海美济礁附近海域大目金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、蓝鳍金枪鱼(T.thynnus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(T.albacares)的营养成分与营养价值,该研究采用国标法检测了3种金枪鱼的水分、蛋白质、灰分、脂肪酸和氨基酸成分及其结构,并进行营养评价。结果显示,3种金枪鱼中黄鳍金枪鱼蛋白质含量最高,蓝鳍金枪鱼脂肪和灰分含量最高;以氨基酸评分(AAS)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为评分标准,3种金枪鱼氨基酸评分均大于等于1;3种金枪鱼各种必需氨基酸构成均优于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)/世界卫生组织(WHO)模式;蓝鳍金枪鱼的油酸含量远高于其他2种金枪鱼,且差异显著(P<0.05);蓝鳍金枪鱼的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)种类最多且含量最高。结果表明,3种金枪鱼均具有较丰富的营养成分、较完美的营养比例和较高的营养价值;3种金枪鱼相比,黄鳍金枪鱼可提供更多的蛋白质,蓝鳍金枪鱼提供更多的不饱和脂肪酸。美济礁附近海域3种金枪鱼具有很高的开发价值,成分检测对研究设计这3种金枪鱼专用驯化养殖饲料有重要的参考价值。     

Effects of transportation during the hot season and low voltage electrical stimulation on histochemical and meat quality characteristics of sheep longissimus muscle

The effect of transportation during the hot season (42 °C) and low voltage electrical stimulation on physiological, histochemical and meat quality characteristics of Omani sheep was studied. Forty intact male sheep were divided into two equal groups: 3 h transported or non-transported. The non-transported group remained in holding pens for 48 h prior to slaughter, while the transported group was transported 300 km (approximately 3 h) in an open truck under solar radiation on the day of slaughter. Blood samples were collected from the animals before loading and prior to slaughter. Fifty percent of the carcasses from each group were randomly assigned to low voltage (90 V) at 20 min postmortem. Temperature and pH decline of the left longissimus thoracis muscle were monitored. Ultimate pH, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), expressed juice, cooking loss and color L, a, b were measured on samples from both sides muscles collected at 24 h postmortem at 3–4 °C. The transported sheep had significantly higher plasma cortisol (P < 0.01), adrenaline, nor-adrenaline and dopamine concentrations (P < 0.05) than non-stimulated animals. Electrical stimulation resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) more rapid pH fall in muscle during the first 12 h after slaughter. Muscles from electrically-stimulated carcasses had significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH values, longer sarcomere length, lower shear force value, higher expressed juice, MFI and lighter L than those from non-stimulated ones. The muscle samples from the transported sheep had significantly (P < 0.05) smaller and lower proportion of Types I and IIA fibers than those from the non-transported group. This study indicated that pre-slaughter transport at high ambient temperatures can cause noticeable changes in physiological and muscle metabolism responses in sheep. Electrical stimulation improved meat quality characteristics, which indicate that meat quality of transported sheep can be improved by electrical stimulation.     

泰和鸡生长发育,屠宰性能及肉品质的研究

以泰和鸡为实验材料，以本地地方黄鸡为对照，研究了泰和鸡生产发育、屠宰性能及肉品质，结果表明，泰和鸡生长速度显著慢于地方黄鸡，屠宰率偏低，而在肉品质（肉色、嫩度等）方面却明显的优于地方黄鸡。     

Effects of β3 integrin on adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by growth factor

AIM: To investigate the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on β₃ integrin gene expression and the role of β₃ integrin on adhesion, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) induced by PDGF. METHODS: β₃ integxin gene expression was detected by RT-PCr. After β₃ integrin extracellular do-main was blocks, VSMC adhesio, migration and proliferation were measured by adhesion assay awound-culture model an [³H]-TSR incorporation respectively.RESULTS: After the interaction between β₃ integrin and extracellular matrix was blocked, VSMC proliferation was inhibited in some degree and the rate of [³H]-TdR incorporation into VSMC decreased 39%. The cell adhesion and migration were significantly inhibited when 10 mg/L anti-β₃ integrin antibody was added (P＜0.05). When VSMC were treated by PDGF for 6 hours, the expression of β₃ integrin gene was 87% higher than that of control. CONCLUSION: PDGF significantly induces expression of β₃ integrin gene in VSMC, and the interaction between β₃ integrin and ECM protein may play an important role in VSMC adhesion and migration.