施工阶段全过程造价控制

施工阶段全过程造价控制是指造价工程师在整个施工阶段,对工程造价整体实施动态的、事先的、主动的造价控制。要规范管理,按设定流程操作,把握审查重点,传统法与创新法结合,对施工阶段全过程进行造价控制。     

农业综合开发土地治理项目施工合同签订方式的分析

农业综合开发土地治理项目是国家支持“三农”的一种重要手段．由于该项目存在着施工环境复杂、资金限额控制等因素，项目的投资控制和管理有一定的难度和特殊性，在总结项目管理的基础上．针对项目实际，对项目施工合同签订方式进行必要分析和比较．以实现对项目的有效管理。     

农用地估价方法综述

农用地估价的常用方法有：收益还原法、收益倍数法、成本法、假设开发法、市场比较法、影子价格法、享乐定价法、土壤潜力估价法、标准田法等。这些估价方法对我国农用地的可操作性、适用范围．学术界有不同的看法，文章对这些观点进行了综述与分析。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

浅谈城乡一体土地市场的构建

随着我国市场经济的不断深入发展以及用地制度的不断改革，如何构建一个城乡一体的土地市场成了摆在我们面前的一个重要的课题。本文分析了我国构建城乡一体土地市场所面临的问题和必要性，并最终提出了构建城乡一体土地市场的原则和途径。     

Switch of tropical Amazon forest to pasture affects taxonomic composition but not species abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition and species richness are affected by several factors including soil attributes and plant host. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that conversion of tropical Amazon forest to pasture changes taxonomic composition of AMF community but not community species abundance and richness. Soil samples were obtained in 300 m × 300 m plots from forest (n = 11) and pasture (n = 13) and fungal spores extracted, counted and identified. A total of 36 species were recovered from both systems, with 83% of them pertaining to Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae. Only 12 species were shared between systems and spore abundance of the majority of fungal species did not differ between pasture and forest. Spore abundance was significantly higher in pasture compared to forest but both systems did not differ on mean species richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou equitability. Species abundance distribution depicted by species rank log abundance plots was not statistically different between both systems. We concluded that conversion of pristine tropical forest to pasture influences the taxonomic composition of AMF communities while not affecting species richness and abundance distribution.     

多层次灰色评价法在土地评价中的应用

阳泉市郊区是山西省乃至全国的主要产煤区之一,但是随着近年来采煤行为的扩张,人地关系处于一种紧张对立的局面。为了客观准确地掌握全区土地利用水平,运用多层次灰色评价法进行了评价,发现经济的过快增长给全区生态环境的破坏及恶化带来了潜在的危机,这是土地利用决策者应该注意的一个问题。     

云南省退耕还林工程监理的探讨

退耕还林工程是我国林业建设上涉及面最广、政策性最强、操作难度大、群众参与度最高的一项生态建设工程。在简述了退耕还林工程建设中实行工程监理的必要性、目的及意义的基础上,对退耕还林工程监理的机构建立及管理、监理内容、方法及操作步骤进行了初步探讨。     

湖南省退耕还林工程社会经济效益调查研究

调查结果显示：①农户家庭总收入和净收入退耕后2004年，分别增长41．54％、62．95％，且退耕后农户家庭收入结构也发生了一定的变化；②农户家庭生活和文化消费总支出退耕后2004年增长率分别为37．28％、51．17％，且退耕后农户家庭的生活和文化消费支出结构也发生了一定的变化；③恩格尔系数退耕后2004年下降了3．56％，说明退耕后农民的生活水平得到了进一步提高；④农户家庭就医率和适龄儿童入学率上升到了退耕后2004年的84.5％、97．8％；⑤生态环境建设在我省干部和农户心目中的地住逐渐提高，说明生态环境建设在我省干部和群众中奠定了坚实的民意基础，产生了较为深远的影响力。     

QuickBird影像目视判读在土地利用类型调查中的应用研究

利用Q u ickB ird影像数据进行土地利用类型调查过程中采用人工目视判读或人机交互式判读方法能获取相对准确的土地利用类型信息。目视判读的难点是对易混淆地类和森林类型的判读,包括草地与农田、灌木林与果园地、经济林与用材林、陡坡地与常年旱地等。通过适当的前期图像处理,以建立解译标志为基础,采取综合的判读方法可将上述类型大部分判读出来。