白牦牛卵母细胞的采集方法及卵巢贮存条件对其体外成熟的影响

探讨了白牦牛卵母细胞的采集方法以及卵巢保存温度和时间对其体外成熟的影响。结果表明:先抽吸卵泡,每卵巢平均可获可用卵母细胞4.7枚,再切割卵巢,可显著提高可用卵母细胞数9.8枚/卵巢。将屠宰白牦牛卵巢分别置于20~29℃和30~38℃的生理盐水中,6 h内收集卵母细胞,其成熟率、卵裂率分别为65.7%、41.3%和73.3%、45.7%,两者之间的差异均不显著,但均与<20℃组(16.0%、0)差异显著。在30~38℃下,白牦牛卵巢保存时间超过6 h,卵母细胞的成熟率和卵裂率显著下降,卵巢保存时间在2 h以内最好,最晚不超过6 h。     

Impact of MYOD family genes on pork traits in Large White and Landrace pigs

Summary Porcine myogenic differentiation genes ( MYOD ) family play a key role in growth and muscle development and are therefore considered as candidate genes for meat production traits. The objective of the study was to investigate the polymorphisms at four loci belonging to the MYOD genes family and analyse their associations with variation in meat production traits in Czech pig breeds. To verify the associations between the polymorphisms and the selected meat traits, altogether 254 pigs, including full- and half-sibs, of Large White and Landrace breeds were tested. The studied meat characteristics were weight of neck, loin, shoulder and ham, lean meat content (LMC), backfat thickness, intramuscular fat (IMF), remission, dry matter content and test daily gain. Statistically significant associations were observed between MYOG gene and fat and neck weight, and between MYF5 gene and IMF and LMC. High significant differences were observed between genotypes AA and AB of MYOD1 in IMF and between genotypes AB and BB of MYF5 in loin weight.     

浙东白鹅和四季鹅染色体核型研究

采用改进的外周血淋巴细胞培养法对浙东白鹅和四季鹅染色体核型进行了分析,研究结果表明,浙东白鹅和四季鹅的染色体2n=78,它们染色体形态十分相近,No.1染色体都为sm型染色体,No.2、No.4、Z和W染色体都为m型染色体,No.3、No.5、No.6、No.7、No.8和No.9染色体都为t型染色体.研究结果为明确我国鹅种染色体的数目和鹅核型的标准化提供参考依据.     

Effects on animal performance and sward composition of mixed and sequential grazing of permanent pasture by cattle and sheep

Previous experiments have shown that mixed or conjoint grazing, when two or more animal species are grazed together, can lead to improved performance of one or more of the species and a higher total output per unit area. Sequential grazing systems, when different animal species graze an area in succession, also have the potential to improve productivity. This experiment directly compared these two approaches for integrating the grazing of cattle and sheep when pastured on improved permanent pasture. Four treatments were compared: 1) sheep only from May to October (S/S); 2) cattle only from May to July followed by sheep only from August to October (C/S); 3) cattle and sheep from May to July, sheep only for the rest of the growing season (C + S/S); and 4) cattle and sheep from May to October (C + S/C + S). Each treatment was replicated three times. From May until weaning at the end of July the plots were grazed by steers and ewes and lambs, and from weaning until October by steers and lambs. Sward heights were maintained at 6 cm using a “put and take” stocking system. Animal performance and sward composition data were collected during three growing seasons, 2001–2003. During the pre-weaning period lambs grazing plots which were grazed only by sheep had significantly poorer growth rates than those grazing plots where there was mixed grazing. Lambs grazing the sheep only plots also had lower liveweight gain during the post-weaning period, with the highest growth rates being recorded on the C + S/C + S treatment. Carrying capacity and total liveweight gain per unit area post-weaning were also consistently higher for the C + S/C + S treatment, while carrying capacity pre-weaning was highest for the C/S treatment. Measurements of clover content in the grazed horizon and botanical separation of material from quadrat cuts indicated that even under relatively controlled conditions choice of grazing system can influence sward composition. However, there was no clear link between any single sward change and the growth of the animals, indicating that the improved performance of cattle and sheep under mixed grazing is the result of a combination of factors, rather than a response to a particular sward parameter.     

Comparison of grazing behaviour, dietary overlap and performance in non-lactating domestic ruminants grazing on marginal heathland areas

During the years 2000–2001, 7 non-lactating beef cows, 40 ewes and 40 does were managed in mixed grazing on a natural heathland vegetation plot (22 ha) with 20% improved pasture (perennial ryegrass) on a hill (1000 m a.s.l.) experimental farm located in the NW of Spain. Samples of faeces and vegetation components were collected monthly to estimate diet selection, using the alkane markers, and diet overlapping level. Animals were weighed monthly to quantify live weight changes and performance of the three livestock species during different periods (spring, summer, autumn, winter) of the grazing season.

The percentage of shrubs in the diet was significantly higher in the small ruminants (ranging between 36% and 85%) than in cows (less than 25%) in any period. Gorse (Ulex gallii) and heather (Erica spp., Calluna) percentages were always significantly higher in does than in ewes, except in autumn for heather. Herbaceous component (namely grasses) was higher in cattle (75–99%) than in small ruminants (15–64%). The lowest mean dietary overlap was found between cattle and goats (50.4%), with large differences during the grazing season, ranging between 20% and 70%.

The three animal species increased their live weight in the first grazing period (spring), when the mean sward height on the improved area was higher than 6.0 cm. However, when the sward height was lower than 3.5 cm (summer–winter), cows lost weight (− 437 g/day) while ewes and goats were still able to increase their weight (29 and 5 g/day, respectively).

Therefore, it seems that small ruminants, mainly sheep, are more suitable than cattle from the vegetation utilization and animal performance points of view, as cows were unable to maintain live weight when the preferred grass availability decreases. Goats were the species that included the highest proportion of heathland vegetation components in the diet, especially gorse, although their performance was significantly lower than in sheep. In consequence, small ruminant production systems could be more sustainable than cattle. The results indicate that mixed grazing of sheep and goats could be appropriate in these vegetation communities, allowing the development of sustainable systems, in which animal performance and the efficiency of resource use are maximized.     

四川各地黑山羊品种(群体)乳的生化组成与酪蛋白多态性研究

采用常规方法测定四川9个黑山羊品种(群体)乳常规营养组分含量.采用碱性尿素电泳方法分析酪蛋白多态性.结果表明,四川9个黑山羊乳蛋白含量范围为41.36～46.37 g/L,以营山黑山羊最低(41.36 g/L),金堂黑山羊最高(46.37g/L),差异极显著(P＜0.01);乳糖含量范围为44.00～47.30 g/L,以建昌黑山羊最低(44.00 g/L),金堂黑山羊最高(47.30g/L),差异不显著(P＜0.05);乳脂率范围为55.45～60.52 g/L,其中以白玉黑山羊最低(55.45 g/L),自贡黑山羊最高(60.52 g/L),差异极显著(P＜0.01).乳蛋白组分:CN(68.42%～71.01%),β-Lg(14.46%～15.87%),IgG(7.04%～7.34%),α-La(5.35%～5.96%),SA(2.02%～2.40%).各蛋白组分经显著性检验,营山黑山羊和嘉陵黑山羊的CN相对含量显著低于其他黑山羊品种(群体)(P＜0.01).在9个山羊品种(群体)中α-酪蛋白基因型存在多态性,多态型对乳脂率影响显著,其中α-酪蛋白DD型乳脂率显著低于CC型、CD型(P＜0.05).     

Influence of percentage of concentrate in combination with rolled canola seeds on performance, rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition in dairy goats

The effect of rolled canola seeds (RCS, 0% or 20% of the dry matter (DM) of the concentrate) combined with percentage of concentrate (45% (L) vs. 65% (H) of the diet DM) on rumen fermentation characteristics, production parameters and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat was studied in 20 entire goats and 12 goats fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula. Goats were fed TMR ad libitum for 15 weeks with the final 12 weeks as the test period. Individual milk samples were taken in weeks 5 and 11 to determine the FA profile of milk fat. Feeding the H diets increased NE_L intake, raw milk yield and yield of fat, protein and lactose. Feeding RCS increased fat corrected milk, milk fat content and fat yield. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate increased fat corrected milk and fat yield. Milk protein content was not affected by dietary factors. Feeding the H diets increased the proportion of short-chain FA (C4:0–C8:0), each isomer of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk at the expense of medium-chain FA with 11 to 17 C units. Feeding RCS decreased the proportion of medium-chain FA with 10 to 17 C units in milk and it increased that of C18:0, all isomers of trans-C18:1, c9-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2. Goats fed the H diets, and those fed the RCS had lower c9-C18:1/C18:0 and c9,t11-C18:2/t11-C18:1 ratios. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate produced the highest proportion of all isomers of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk, with the highest variability among the four diets for these FA. This was possibly related to between-goats differences in ruminal fermentation and to individual difference in desaturase activity in the mammary gland. It is concluded that feeding a high-concentrate diet combined with rolled canola seeds had a synergistic effect on the milk production and fat yield without alteration in milk protein content in dairy goats. This combination also resulted in changes in FA profile that may differently affect the nutritional value of goat milk for human health.     

桃果肉颜色、果皮茸毛和花粉育性性状的分子标记

 以91-42-51 ×瑞光2号的杂交后代共48个单株为试材, 采用集群分离分析法(BSA) , 对桃果实的有毛/无毛、白肉/黄肉以及无花粉/有花粉3 个性状进行了分子标记研究。研究获得SSR 标记UDP96-018 (300 bp) 与有毛性状连锁, 遗传距离4.5 cM, SSR标记UDP98-407 (680 bp) 与白肉性状连锁, 遗传距离为2.2 cM; 根据拟南芥雄性不育序列标记设计的引物扩增出的两个片段NNJ-I (600 bp ) 和NNJ-I (900 bp) 与桃无花粉性状之间的遗传距离为0 cM。这些标记的获得为桃分子标记辅助育种提供了有效的筛选手段。     

贵州不同地区辣椒风味品质研究

本试验以贵州不同生态条件下生产的辣椒为材料,研究了它们的风味营养品质差异。结果表明:贵州凉水井和果落的鲜辣椒含水量最低,干物质含量高,差异显著。其中,毕节、花溪各地(果落、茅草、下坝、湖潮、燕楼)品质较佳;毕节和花溪地区的辣椒VC含量极高,粗脂肪含量较高,粗纤维含量较低;遵义地区、花溪地区辣椒素含量较高。     

紫花桔梗和白花桔梗的RAPD指纹图谱鉴定研究

用RAPD方法对紫花桔梗和白花桔梗进行了指纹图谱的研究，以期为桔梗花色的鉴定提供分子依据。采用BSA法从200个随机引物中筛选出具有多态性的7个引物。结果引物OPG02在检测的紫花桔梗个体中均能各自扩增出一条580bp左右的特异带，而在白花桔梗中则未见。表明该RAPD标记具有紫花桔梗特异性，可用于鉴别紫花桔梗和白花桔梗。