Infection and colonization of aseptically micropropagated sugarcane seedlings by nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterium, Herbaspirillum sp. B501gfp1

In this study, we used Herbaspirillum sp. B501gfp1 (B501gfp1), an isolate from wild rice, to investigate the interaction between a non-host nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterium and micropropagated sugarcane plants under aseptic condition. Two Japanese sugarcane plants (Saccharum sp.) cultivars (cvs) NiF8 and Ni15 were inoculated using B501gfp1 in two inoculum doses of 10⁸ and 10² bacterial-cells-per-milliliter suspension. The results showed that bacterial cells colonized both the root and stem tissues, and colonization was apparent in the intercellular spaces. Higher bacterial numbers were detected in plant tissues inoculated with the higher inoculum concentration treatment. Bacterial numbers also varied between the two cultivars, with the higher values determined in cv Ni15. This study provides evidence that Herbaspirillum sp. B501gfp1, a rice isolate, could colonize sugarcane tissues, suggesting non-specificity of host plant among endophytes.     

Can Non-fumigant Nematicides Be an Alternative to Fumigation on Carrot Fields?

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause enormous yield reductions in vegetable crops. While nematicides are the most effective method for controlling RKN in carrot (Dacatus carota), the efficacy of non-fumigant nematicides, compared to fumigants, is still not fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene, a fumigant nematicide, and fluensulfone, a non-fumigant nematicide, on RKN control and yield of fresh market and processing carrot. Field experiments were conducted in a commercial farm in Lenox, GA. A randomized complete block design (r = 4) was used in a factorial arrangement of 3 nematicide treatments and 2 carrot cultivars. Nematicide treatments were the application of 1,3-dichloropropene, fluensulfone, and untreated control. Carrot cultivars were Baltimore (fresh marketing) and Belgrado (processing). In general, RKN population was low early season, averaging 0.8 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil. RKN populations increased with crop development and there were significant differences among nematicide treatments. At harvest, RKN populations were lower for fluensulfone (1.1 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil) and 1,3-dichloropropene (3.2 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil) compared to Control (26.4 RKN 100 cm^?3 of soil); however, fluensulfone (91,278 kg ha^?1) had higher yield than 1,3-dichloropropene (64,154 kg ha^?1) and Control (61,908 kg ha^?1). Carrot cultivars were similar for RKN population and yield. Overall, the non-fumigant nematicide was more beneficial for carrot production than the fumigant nematicide.     

适宜冷冻干燥保护剂提高植物乳杆菌LIP-1微胶囊性能

为了探讨添加冷冻干燥保护剂对Lactobacillus.plantarum（L.plantarum）LIP-1微胶囊性能的影响,该试验以植物乳杆菌（L.plantarum） LIP-1微胶囊的包埋率和冻干存活率为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,筛选出最佳冷冻干燥保护剂,在此基础上将其添加到微胶囊中,观察对L.plantarum LIP-1微胶囊形态、释放性等性能的影响。试验结果表明冷冻干燥保护剂的最佳配方为质量分数分别为甘油2%、麦芽糖1%、L-半胱氨酸2%、乳糖2%,此时微胶囊的包埋率为67.60%,冻干存活率为83.80%;与未添加保护剂的空白对照组相比,添加适宜保护剂的微胶囊在表观形态、肠液释放性、耐胃酸性及在不同温度（4、20、37℃）下的耐贮藏性能均显著提高（P<0.05）。添加适宜保护剂的微胶囊表面更加光滑致密,粒径更小,约100 μm（空白对照组约为150～200 μm）;在模拟肠液中,添加适宜保护剂的微胶囊完全释放仅需60 min,而空白对照组需要90 min才能释放完全;在耐胃酸性上,添加适宜保护剂的LIP-1微胶囊在120min后,活菌数才开始显著下降（P<0.05）,150 min后,活菌数下降约30%;空白对照组在90 min后活菌数开始显著下降（P<0.05）,150 min后,活菌数下降约44%;在4、20、37℃贮藏28 d后,加保护剂组的活菌数分别下降0.76、1.33、1.88 lg(cfu/g),而空白对照组的活菌数分别下降0.96、 1.50、2.40 lg(cfu/g)。试验结果表明添加适宜的冷冻干燥保护剂可以提高L.plantarum LIP-1微胶囊的性能,为工业化生产中提高益生菌微胶囊的性能提供一定的理论和技术指导。     

断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1 mRNA表达的变化及半胱胺的影响

研究断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1mRNA表达丰度的变化,并同时观察半胱胺对其表达的影响,从分子水平探讨半胱胺对断奶仔猪葡萄糖吸收的影响与可能的机制。新生仔猪随机分为对照组和实验组,12日龄(D12)起对照组饲喂基础乳猪料,实验组在基础乳猪料中添加120mg/kg半胱胺,两组仔猪均于35日龄断奶,每组分别于断奶前1周、断奶当天、断奶后3d、1周以及断奶后10d随机选取仔猪各6头,宰杀后采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠粘膜,采用RT-PCR方法测定钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(sodium-glucosecotransporter1,SGLT1)mRNA表达的相对丰度。结果表明,回肠SGLT1mRNA的表达量最高,空肠其次,十二指肠最低;SGLT1mRNA在不同肠段的表达呈现截然不同的发育模式,十二指肠SGLT1mRNA表达量在45d显著上升(P<0.05),而空肠则在42和45d时显著下降(P<0.01),回肠SGLT1mRNA表达在整个实验期间无显著变化;此外,日粮添加半胱胺显著提高38d十二指肠以及42和45d空肠SGLT1mRNA表达,而对回肠SGLT1mRNA表达无显著影响。小肠SGLT1mRNA表达以及日粮添加半胱胺促进SGLT1mRNA表达的作用均呈现时空特异性规律。     

利用SAR影像与多光谱数据反演广域土壤湿度

针对基于主动微波遥感途径开展广域土壤湿度反演的过程中,对植被和土壤粗糙度影响难以进行有效估算的问题,该研究联合多极化雷达和原始多光谱数据源,提出一种改进的卷积神经网络(Improved Convolutional Neural Network,ICNN)方法。该方法采用不同尺寸的卷积核对原始变量进行一维卷积运算,自适应提取能反映测区土壤湿度时空差异的高级特征维;同时,去除了传统卷积神经网络结构中的池化层,保证提取的特征信息完整。试验结果表明,在边长超过100 km的四川盆地研究区域内,模型预测值与样本数据相关系数达到0.934,预测值偏差服从均值趋近于0的正态分布,均方根误差为1.45%,误差分布范围小于6.3%,结果具有较高的可靠性。该方法可为精准农业、旱涝灾害等领域的广域监测研究提供一定的支撑。     

番茄中一个LSm1蛋白同源基因LeLSm1的克隆及表达分析

从番茄品种超级大明星中克隆LSm1蛋白同源基因LeLSm1。LeLSm1基因全长cDNA共有1 038个核苷酸,包含一个387个核苷酸的编码区,以及318个核苷酸的5′非编码区和333个核苷酸的3′非编码区,编码一个含128个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子质量为14.5 ku,等电点为4.94。LeLSm1编码的氨基酸序列包含LSm1蛋白的保守功能域,与截形苜蓿、拟南芥和水稻等植物的类似LSm蛋白具有高度的同源性,在氨基酸水平上的一致性依次为82.8%、82.0%和72.1%。用PCR方法克隆了LeLSm1基因,其全长转录区共4 751 bp,其中包含5个外显子和4个内含子。Southern杂交结果显示,LeLSm1是单拷贝基因。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,LeLSm1在番茄五叶期和结果期的根、茎、叶以及花和果实中均有表达,且表达量无明显差异,是一个组成型表达基因。     

运用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域小麦实际单产

为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。该研究以2010-2013年HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,分析了卫星遥感变量与小麦实际单产的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以实际单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,并制作了小麦实际单产空间等级分布图。研究表明:实际单产与所选用的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有严重的多重相关关系;实际单产偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分为5,且植被衰减指数、绿色归一化植被指数、调整土壤亮度的植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化植被指数为实际单产遥感估测的敏感变量;建模集和验证集实际单产估测模型的决定系数分别为0.74和0.70,均方根误差分别为754.05和748.20 kg/hm2,相对误差分别为11.5%和8.88%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高20%以上和40%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高18%以上和30%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域实际单产的效果要明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,该模型应用结果与小麦实际单产区域分布情况相符合,为提高区域小麦实际单产的遥感估测精度提供了一种途径。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素在昆虫杆状病毒系统中表达与活性鉴定

摘要：本实验从质粒pGEM-HA中扩增H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA基因，构建转移载体pFastBacHT-HA并与E.coliDH10Bac中的Bacmid质粒重组，构建重组转座质粒rBacmid-HA。在脂质体介导下将rBacmid-HA转染sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒。在sf9昆虫细胞中表达HA蛋白，通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和血细胞吸附实验鉴定重组蛋白。结果显示重组HA蛋白分子量约为66kDa，该蛋白与AIV H5亚型鸡血清发生特异性反应，与H7、H9亚型鸡血清不反应，转染重组杆状病毒后的细胞能吸附鸡的红血球，证明HA基因在sf9昆虫细胞中获得了正确表达，不仅具有型特异性，而且有良好的生物反应性。     

Agricultural studies of GM maize and the field experimental infrastructure of ECOGEN

Within the ECOGEN project, long-term field experiments with genetically modified maize, Zea mays L. were conducted to study agro-ecological effects on the soil fauna and agro-economic implications of the technology. Here, we describe the study-sites, experimental layout and results of agro-economic relevance. Experiments were conducted during 2002–2005 in Denmark (Foulum), northern France (Varois) and the Midi-Pyrenees region of southern France (Narbons). MON810 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-varieties expressing the Cry1Ab protein, and a T25 glufosinate-ammonium (Basta) tolerant variety expressing the pat-gene encoding phosphinotrinacetyl-transferase were compared with near-isogenic non-Bt varieties, and conventional maize varieties. At Foulum, the maize was harvested for silage. There were no significant differences in yield between Bt-maize and a near-isogenic non-Bt variety, while a small difference in N-concentration of dry matter was detected in 1 year in a range of a measured quality parameters. Similar yield and quality were found in ploughed and reduced tillage treatments in all varieties. At Varois, the maize was harvested at ripeness and no significant differences in grain yield between Bt-maize and near-isogenic non-Bt varieties were found. These results were expected, as only Narbons harbours significant corn-borer populations. At Narbons, the number of Sesamia and Ostrinia corn-borer larvae were significantly lower in the Bt-maize than in a near-isogenic non-Bt variety and for Sesamia even less than in conventional varieties sprayed with pesticides to control corn-borer infestation. Here, Bt-maize produced a higher grain yield and grain size than a near-isogenic non-Bt variety or allowed a significant reduction in pesticide use. Concentrations of Cry1Ab in the Bt-varieties were sufficient to effectively control corn-borer larvae. In soil, Cry1Ab was close to the limit of detection and the protein did not accumulate in the soil year on year.