变量筛选方法对郁闭度遥感估测模型的影响比较

比较基于偏最小二乘回归的Bootstrap方法与传统的平均残差平方和(RMSq)准则所选变量建立模型的精度差别.结果表明:Bootstrap方法是一种更优秀的变量筛选方法,比RMSq方法精度提高约5%;而且它不受变量多带来的运算困难的限制,更便于实际应用.     

Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal

Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.     

常德市经济林生产现状及产量灰色预测

常德市经济林树种约50多种,总面积25万多ha,本文讨论了常德市经济林生产现状;同时,采用不等维信息模型对油茶、油桐、乌柏3种木本油料进行了灰色预测.     

3D Studio MAX下制作齿轮及蜗杆模型的方法

基于3D Studio MAX制作直齿圆柱齿轮模型的方法主要是使用编辑修改器对几何形体的次对象进行编辑修改，从而形成轮齿，过程稍显繁琐。然而，在此模型基础上，利用截面与放样命令却可以很简便地制作其它较复杂的齿轮模型。尤其是使用放样命令，在蜗杆及其类似模型制作方面有着事半功倍的效果。     

A spatial linkage between dams and non-native fish species in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract –  The native and non-native freshwater fish species richness as well as the proportion of native fish species to overall fish species were examined to test a hypothesis of a spatial linkage between the distributions of dams and non-native fishes based on survey data collected in rivers and streams in Hokkaido, Japan. Non-native fish species have steadily increased in Hokkaido since the mid 1970s, as indicated by the decreasing proportion of native fish species per fish survey. Non-native species richness was significantly higher in areas above dams (i.e., reservoirs and their inlet streams) compared to areas without dams. As a result, the proportion of native fish species was lower above dams. This proportion was lower in developed and agricultural areas compared with forest areas, although both native and non-native species richness were higher in areas with development and agriculture. Non-native cyprinids, catfish and snakehead occurred primarily in a particular river basin with the largest drainage area, the longest history of reclamation and highest human population in the island. Non-native salmonids on the other hand, occurred in forest areas at higher elevations and their occurrence was associated with the existence of dams. There was a spatial linkage between the distribution of dams and non-native species, although it was applicable only to salmonids. The management of dams and reservoirs needs a strategy to prevent further expansion of exotic salmonids such as rainbow and brown trout. These species can be a significant threat to native Japanese salmonids as a result of various biological mechanisms.     

Dynamic model for the effects of K fertilizer on crop growth, K-uptake and soil-K in arable cropping. 2. Field test of the model

Abstract. The validity of the model described in Greenwood & Karpinets (1997) was tested against the results of single year, multi level K fertilizer experiments. Measurements of plant mass, %K in the plant and K activity ratio in soil had been made at harvest and at intervals during the growing season on spring wheat, summer cabbage and turnips. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between these measurements and simulated values when the two 'crop' parameters (defining the dependence of critical and maximum possible %K on plant mass) were adjusted for each crop. Also good agreement was generally obtained for plant weight and plant %K at harvest in less detailed experiments on 10 other crops. Values of the two 'crop' parameters for 12 of the crops were strongly correlated with one another suggesting that a single 'crop' parameter may be all that is required to define most inter-species differences in plant-K demand.
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm     

新型换流变压器谐波模型及其配套滤波装置设计

阐述了新型换流变压器及其滤波系统的接线方案和谐波抑制机理.建立了新型换流变压器谐波模型,分析计算了新型换流变压器各绕组的谐波电流分布,实验验证了该模型的正确性.对直流输电开发平台进行了滤波装置实例设计,仿真和实验结果基本一致.证明了新型换流变压器及其滤波系统原理正确,滤波效果好,平台参数选择合理,新系统具有良好的应用前景.     

乡村社区总体营造发展模式之探讨

乡村地区之社区总体营造是目前台湾近年来各公部门所极力推行的社区再造运动，发展模式主要是以民间力量为基础。相关部门所扮演的角色则是经费及技术支持者。由于社区总体营造所涵盖的范畴极为广泛，因此大部分营造成功的社区是在推动社造初期时就将社区未来的发展定位的某个范围里。以台湾彰化县仑雅乡村为例。发展成生态社区、人文社区、古迹文化社区等多种范围的定位，有明确的定位后在逐渐发展出社区未来营造的主轴，随着营造主轴有顺序的制定发展方针。现已成功地让乡村民众能够透过概念式的构想延伸至发展策略来进行社区营造的实际进行。并且有效的提升社区民众参与公共事务的比例。让推动者藉由社造概念的启发了解社区未来营造的方向及目标。     

资金限制情况下投资项目的最优组合决策模型

资金限额条件下投资项目的最优组合是某些企业经常遇到的问题。对这些项日进行组合与投资安排，不仅要考虑各项目的投资额大小，还要考虑项目投资先后顺序、先期投资项目的盈利对后期投资项目所得资金的补充等情况。为此，建立了两类常见的资金限制情况下的最优组合决策问题的优化模型，并举例进行了计算。     

A review of stand basal area growth models

Growth and yield modeling has a long history in forestry. The methods of measuring the growth of stand basal area have evolved from those developed in the U.S.A. and Germany during the last century. Stand basal area modeling has progressed rapidly since the first widely used model was published by the U.S. Forest Service. Over the years, a variety of models have been developed for predicting the growth and yield of uneven/even-aged stands using stand-level approaches. The modeling methodology has not only moved from an empirical approach to a more ecological process-based approach but also accommodated a variety of techniques such as: 1) simultaneous equation methods, 2) difference models, 3) artificial neural network techniques, 4) linear/nonlinear regres-sion models, and 5) matrix models. Empirical models using statistical methods were developed to reproduce accurately and precisely field observations. In contrast, process models have a shorter history, developed originally as research and education tools with the aim of increasing the understanding of cause and effect relationships. Empirical and process models can be married into hybrid mod-els in which the shortcomings of both component approaches can, to some extent, be overcome. Algebraic difference forms of stand basal area models which consist of stand age, stand density and site quality can fully describe stand growth dynamics. This paper reviews the current literature regarding stand basal area models, discusses the basic types of models and their merits and outlines recent progress in modeling growth and dynamics of stand basal area. Future trends involving algebraic difference forms, good fitting variables and model types into stand basal area modeling strategies are discussed.