华北平原不同作物-潮土系统中N_2O排放量的测定

在中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站应用原状土柱培养法测定了华北平原主要农作物 -潮土系统中N2O的排放量 ,比较了不同作物对农田土壤中N2O排放的影响。结果表明 ,大豆、花生、玉米和棉花4种作物系统的N2O排放通量有所差异 ;生长期间不施氮肥处理下N2O排放总量为0.57—1.00kgN·hm -2,施氮肥处理下为1.48—3.12kgN·hm-2,作物系统间有较大差异。氮肥产生的N2O -N占施肥量的0.57 %—1.58 % ,其中玉米作物系统是棉花作物系统的近3倍。     

菜地土壤N_2O排放及其氮素反硝化损失

采用培养试验方法,对南京郊区 3对菜地土和水稻土的 N2O排放和氮素反硝化损失进行了研究.不加乙炔培养测定土壤 N2O排放,加乙炔( 10% V/V)培养测定反硝化损失.菜地土为相同类型水稻土改种为蔬菜约 20年的土壤.结果表明,在培养 0～ 1 d期间 ,菜地土本身 N2O排放通量 (5.15～ 218.37 ng N· g-1soil· h-1)均高于相同类型的水稻土 (2.50～ 3.94 ng N· g-1soil· h-1). 3对供试土壤中, 2个菜地土培养 21 d排放的 N2O总量与反硝化损失总量均显著高于相同类型的水稻土( P<0.05). 3对供试土壤施尿素后反硝化损失均未显著增加.施肥和不施肥处理,土壤 N2O排放累积量和反硝化损失累积量随时间 t的变化均符合修正的 Elovich方程 y=bln(t)+ a.     

X195柴油机掺水燃烧的试验研究

 结合195柴油机的结构特点,在不改变原机任何结构的前提下,增设一套供水系统,发动机工作时,喷水器适时向气缸内喷射一定量的水,喷入气缸的水微粒在高温高压的条件下产生“微爆”效应,使柴油颗粒进一步雾化和高度分散,与空气混合更加均匀,促使燃料完全燃烧,以达到节油,降污的目的。试验结果表明,增设的供水系统工作性能的可靠,掺水燃烧时比油耗及排烟度等明显下降。     

华北平原玉米‖大豆间作农田温室气体排放及系统净温室效应评价

以华北平原玉米‖大豆为研究对象,研究间作对农田土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放的影响,在此基础上对系统净温室气体平衡(Net greenhouse gas balance,△GWP)进行评价。结果表明,整个生育期玉米单作处理(M)的CO2累积排放最高(12.6t/hm2),玉米大豆间作处理比M处理减少4.0%~8.9%。M处理的土壤N2O排放最高(16.0kg/hm2),显著高于间作处理,间作处理比M减少32.2%~36.6%(P0.05)。间作和单作处理间土壤CH4排放没有显著差异(P0.05)。土壤CO2排放动态主要与土壤温度显著相关,而土壤N2O排放则主要与土壤水分含量显著相关(P0.05)。不同系统的△GWP不同,M系统的△GWP为8 681kg/hm2,高于等行距间作系统(6 635kg/hm2),而低于宽窄行间作系统(9 753kg/hm2)。结果显示,合理的玉米‖大豆间作模式能够减少农田温室气体排放。     

冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CH4排放特征试验

利用丹麦猪舍和液态猪粪便进行了CH4气体排放测试,比较了3种粪坑内粪便高度（0.15、0.40、0.65m）、4种通风量（211、650、1852、3088m3/h）、粪坑内有无挡板情况下冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CH4排放通量。测试结果表明：粪便高度、粪便温度和通风量可以用来解释大部分的CH4排放通量变化差异;对于使用渗透性天花板进气和负压通风排气系统,4种通风量之间CH4排放通量差异不显著,但由于通风量的增加同时会降低舍内与粪坑内空气温度和粪便温度,因此要综合考虑通风量和温度对气体排放通量的影响;液态猪粪便中CH4排放通量随着粪坑内粪便高度的降低而减少;设置粪坑挡板对粪坑内CH4排放没有影响;敏感性分析表明CH4排放通量相对于粪便温度、粪便高度和通风量的敏感性依次减小（敏感度依次减小）。在较低的通风量和粪便高度变化区间,CH4排放通量变化的敏感性要高于较高的通风量和粪便高度变化区间,但对于粪便温度变化趋势正好相反。     

节能减排视角下我国农村节能灯的推广研究

通过对湖南省部分农村地区节能灯使用现状的调查研究,分析了农村地区所出现的节能灯“不经济、不节电、不环保”等问题出现的原因,探讨了制约”白炽灯淘汰难、节能灯推广难”的障碍,提出了相应的解决策略。     

Efficacy of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance and noxious gas emission in growing pigs

We investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics (synbiotics) on growth performance, noxious gas emission and fecal pathogenic bacteria populations in growing pigs. The basal diet, which contained approximately 25% corn, 24% whey, 12% wheat and 12% soybean meal, was supplemented alternatively with 0.15% antibiotics (US diet), prebiotics and 0.2% probiotics from anaerobic bacteria (BS diet), yeast (YS diet), mold (MS diet) or compounds (CS diet). One hundred and fifty pigs were fed an experimental diet for 15 days. Although the growth performance was not affected by supplemental synbiotics, the BS group showed higher dry matter and crude protein digestibility. The BS group decreased fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions, and increased fecal acetate gas emission compared with the US group. All synbiotics groups decreased in fecal propionate gas emission. Fecal Escherichia coli population was lower in the synbiotics groups than in the US group. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics exert similar effects with antibiotics on the nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in growing pigs. Moreover, synbiotics can also decrease the fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs.     

STATIC AND DYNAMIC 18FDG‐PET IN NORMAL HISPANIOLAN AMAZON PARROTS (AMAZONA VENTRALIS)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is often used to stage and monitor human cancer and has recently been used in a similar fashion in veterinary medicine. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical is 2‐Deoxy‐2‐[¹⁸F]‐Fluoro‐d ‐glucose (¹⁸F‐FDG), which is concentrated and trapped within cells that use glucose as their energy substrate. We characterized the normal distribution of ¹⁸F‐FDG in 10 healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) by performing whole body PET scans at steady state, 60 min after injection. Significant variability was found in the intestinal activity. Avian species are known to reflux fluid and electrolytes from their cloaca into their colon. To evaluate reflux as the cause of variability in intestinal distribution of ¹⁸F‐FDG, dynamic PET scans were performed on the coelomic cavity of six Hispaniolan Amazon parrots from time 0 to 60 min postinjection of radiotracer. Reflux of radioactive material from the cloaca into the colon occurred in all birds to varying degrees and occurred before 60 min. To evaluate the intestinal tract of clinical avian patients, dynamic scans must be performed starting immediately after injection so that increased radioactivity due to metabolism or hypermetabolic lesions such as cancer can be differentiated from increased radioactivity due to reflux of fluid from the cloaca.     

施肥与大气环境质量——论施肥对环境的影响(1)

无机肥和有机肥都是人类可持续发展不可或缺的资源,只要科学使用不会对环境和生态造成负面影响。不良施肥对大气环境的威胁主要来自有机肥,过量使用有机肥可促进土壤中CO2和CH4的排放;有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场地有大量氨气污染,有机物的焚烧可直接向大气排放大量的CO2、CH4及固体微粒,使城乡空气严重污染。有机肥和无机N肥的过量使用,都会导致土壤N素积累。土壤中N素的反硝化作用产生N2O, NOx 的排放。避免有机肥和N肥过量,禁止焚烧有机物,覆盖有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场,控制反硝化作用,以减少负面效应,保护大气环境质量。