Replacement effects of Panicum maximum with Ficus polita on performance of West African dwarf goats

The replacement value of Ficus polita for Panicum maximum was evaluated on 32 female post‐weaned West African dwarfs goats. Ficus polita was fed with P. maximum at different proportions of 0:90 (F. polita:P. maximum), 30:60, 60:30 and 90:0 constituting diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Each diet was supplemented with 10% cassava peels. Dry matter intake per kg metabolic weight of goats was not significantly (p > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. However, crude protein intake per kg metabolic weight was higher (p < 0.05) in animals fed 60% and 90%F. polita than those fed sole P. maximum diet. Daily weight gain of goats fed diet 3 (60%F. polita) was higher (p < 0.05) (27.3 g) than those fed diets 4 (18.9 g), 2 (20.8 g) and the control (6.6 g). Dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p < 0.05) in goats fed 60%F. polita than those fed other diets, except for DM digestibility which was statistically similar to diets 2 and 4 but higher than those fed diet 1 without F. polita. Organic matter and CP digestibility were highest (72.0 and 65.7% respectively) in animals fed 60%F. polita. Nitrogen retention of goats fed 60%F. polita (diet 3) was higher (p < 0.05) than that obtained with other diets. The results suggest that feeding combination of F. polita and P. maximum at ratio 60:30 respectively has associative effects that can enhance growth rate, feed intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization for goat production during dry season in the tropics.     

Effect of pollination intensity,frequency and pollen source on fig (Ficus carica L.) productivity and fruit quality

Yield and fruit quality in fig (Ficus carica L.) are highly dependent on cultural practices especially caprification (pollination). However, this technique remains not well controlled in Tunisia. This study was conducted during two successive years, 2009 and 2010, to investigate different pollination conditions, i.e. number of caprifigs and repetitions of caprification on fruiting of two cultivars Bouhouli (San Pedro type) and Zidi (Smyrna type). In addition, the efficiency of four pollen sources was evaluated to identify the most effective pollinator for female cultivar Zidi. The following parameters were recorded: fruit number per shoot, fruit set, productivity, fruit characteristics and vegetative growth.     

五指毛桃转录组及黄酮类化合物生物合成关键基因分析

五指毛桃含有香豆素类、黄酮类等化学成分,具有抗炎、抑菌、抗病毒和肿瘤的药用价值。但是,其转录组和功能基因组等分子水平的研究较少报道。本研究首次采用RNA-seq高通量测序技术对五指毛桃的根、茎和叶进行转录组测序,共获得104 335条unigenes,平均长度为578 bp,有62 142条unigenes被注释到Nr、GO、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和KOG等数据库中,根据同源序列比对发现五指毛桃与川桑的同源性最高。通过比较五指毛桃不同组织部位的转录组测序结果,发现Leaf_vs_Root、Root_vs_Stem、Stem_vs_Leaf分别有1363、624和1006个差异表达的基因在KEGG途径显著富集,主要富集在植物信号转导、植物MAPK信号通路、黄酮类生物合成等代谢途径。进一步分析参与植物黄酮类生物合成途径中的差异表达基因,发现有16个差异表达的基因参与该代谢途径,主要在叶和茎中高表达,运用RT-qPCR对黄酮类化合物生物合成途径中9个关键基因的表达量进行验证,发现定量结果与RNA-seq数据一致,大部分基因都在五指毛桃茎和叶片中高表达,因此五指毛桃幼苗黄酮类化合物主要积累在叶片和茎中,这与民间主要以根茎作为药用部位存在差异,主要原因可能是与五指毛桃生长年龄有关。以上的研究结果为五指毛桃分子生物学的研究奠定基础,并为其活性成分的生物合成调控、栽培技术等提供参考依据。     

高榕榕果内Eupristina属两种榕小蜂的遗传进化关系

对生长在福州地区的高榕进行长期追踪观察,发现高榕榕果内仅生活着Eupristina altissima和Eupristina sp.榕小蜂,前者为高榕的传粉小蜂,后者无传粉行为,两者雌蜂之间在体色、触角、花粉袋和花粉刷等部位存在细微的差异,而两者雄蜂之间无形态差异。通过克隆福建地区5个样地的高榕榕果内收集到的E. altissima和Eupristina sp.榕小蜂,以及细叶榕的传粉小蜂Eupristina verticillata(外群)的Cytb及COI基因,并进行碱基组成及遗传距离分析,用邻接法构建系统发育树,分析两榕小蜂群体之间的遗传进化关系,结果显示:(1)榕小蜂COI及Cytb序列碱基组成中A+T的含量(Cytb序列中A+T=75.3%,COI序列中A+T=75.5%)显著高于G+C,符合膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因碱基组成特征。(2)对两群体小蜂进行遗传距离分析显示,Cytb序列中E. altissima和Eupristina sp. 群体内各样本之间的平均遗传距离分别为0.0092和0.0030,而E. altissima与Eupristina sp. 群体间的平均距离为0.1588;COI序列中E. altissima 与Eupristina sp. 群体内各样本之间的平均遗传距离分别为0.0065和0.0205,而二者群体间的平均遗传距离为0.1043,表明两者群体间的遗传距离明显大于各自群体内各样本间的遗传距离。统计GenBank中下载的6个属34种榕小蜂Cytb序列的种间遗传距离为0.0811-0.1723,6个属28种榕小蜂COI序列的种间遗传距离为0.0939-0.1986。由此认为E. altissima和Eupristina sp.之间的遗传距离差异已经达到了种间水平,即E. altissima与Eupristina sp.为两个不同的种。(3)在形态上,两种小蜂的雌蜂之间有微小差异,而二者雄蜂之间无差异,但Cytb与COI序列分析结果一致表明:E. altissima与Eupristina sp.雄蜂之间,以及二者雌蜂之间的遗传距离均差异显著,表明形态变异滞后于基因变异。雌蜂在表型上进化快于雄蜂,可能是由于雌蜂羽化后从榕果出飞,受到外界环境因素的影响较大,且两种雌蜂在传粉功能上存在差异,故二者之间的形态差异较大,而雄蜂寿命短,又终生生活在黑暗封闭、环境变化相对恒定的榕果内,两种雄蜂在行为上不存在差异,故二者表型变异较为缓慢。E. altissima和Eupristina sp.小蜂对宿主的专一性不强,在榕-蜂协同进化过程中,可能发生过宿主转移事件。     

榕树根结线虫及其食线虫菌物鉴定

榕树根结线虫病病原经鉴定为南方根结线虫(Meloidogyneincognita) 从榕树根结线虫的卵囊和雌虫上共分离鉴定食线虫菌物7种 尖孢镰孢(Fusariumoxysporium)是榕树根结线虫的食线虫菌物优势种群,占食线虫菌物分离物总数的41 38% 淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyceslilac inus)和厚孢轮枝孢(Verticilliumchlamydosporium)分别占分离物总数的6 90%,20 69%;食线虫菌物以卵囊寄生物为主     

6个无花果品种的染色体组型研究

利用染色体组型对国内6个无花果品种进行了遗传背景的分析比较。结果表明：6个品种染色体数目均为2n=2X=26。布兰瑞克(W5)的核型最不对称,且它的染色体类型比较多,进化程度较高;较为原始的是金傲芬(W2)。波姬红(W1)与金傲芬(W2)的随体位置基本一致,麦斯依陶芬(W4)与布兰瑞克(W5)的基本一致。所以,波姬红(W1)与金傲芬（W2)可以归为一类,其核型公式可表示为2n=2X=26=(16-22)m (4-10)sm;麦斯依陶芬(W4)与布兰瑞克(W5)可以归为一类,其核型公式可表示为2n：2x=26=16m 8sm 2st(或M),中国无花果(W6)可单独为一类,其核型公式为2n=2X=26=10m 12sm(2SAT) 4st。     

无花果中总黄酮和粗多糖同步提取工艺研究

为配合酱酒产品开发,更好地使用特色药材无花果,研究无花果提取物的制备工艺。采用单因素试验和正交试验方法,确定无花果中总黄酮和粗多糖的最佳提取条件。结果表明,单因素试验考查最佳提取条件为提取溶剂70%乙醇,提取温度90℃,提取时间2 h,溶剂倍数中,10 mL/g和20 mL/g提取效果差别不是特别大,但从生产成本角度考虑,选择溶剂倍数为10 mL/g;正交试验确定无花果总黄酮和粗多糖最佳提取条件为料液比1∶15(g∶mL),60%乙醇,90℃下提取2次,1.5 h/次。通过验证试验,以总黄酮和粗多糖为综合指标,确定了无花果最佳提取条件。     

Antimicrobial Property of 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-Tricarboxylic Acid Isolated from Citrus microcarpa Extract

This article described antimicrobial property and structure analysis of 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid isolated from the crude extract of Citrus microcarpa. Presently, there was no report on compound from C. microcarpa that possessed antimicrobial property against fish pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, in this study, the bioactive principle in C. microcarpa extract was isolated using thin layer chromatography. It＇s structure was elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopic data, such as proton NMR （1HNMR）, correlation spectroscopy, carbon 13 NMR, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation data. This study showed that the bioactive compound isolated from C. microcarpa was 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） values of crude C. microcarpa extract and its bioactive component, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid as well as commercially available synthetic 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, were determined against 18 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda and 7 bacterial reference strains, namely, Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922）, Citrobacter freundii （ATCC 8090）, Aeromonas hydrophila （ATCC 49140）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （ATCC 35032）, Streptococcus agalatiae （ATCC 13813）, E. tarda （ATCC 15947）, and Yersinia enterocolitica （ATCC 23715）, using two-fold microdilution method. The MIC values for both the natural 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid and the synthetic one were ranging from 15.6 to 62.5 mg mL-1, whereas that of the crude extract was ranging from 7.8 to 31.3 mg mL-1. These findings showed that both the crude extract and its bioactive component might have potential as antimicrobial agent for aquaculture use.     

环境控制条件下不同因素对笔管榕扦插的影响研究

笔管榕是分布最北的榕树,为城市道路绿化、沿海防护林营建的优良树种,极具推广价值.笔者旨在探讨笔管榕扦插育苗技术,为其扩大栽培规模奠定基础.通过在受控的不同环境因子条件下,选用不同木质化程度的笔管榕枝条插穗,经不同浓度萘乙酸(NAA)浸泡10 min或浓度300 mg/L的ABT生根粉浸泡不同时间后,扦插于不同组分及比例的基质中.研究结果表明:(1)插穗以当年生半木质化嫩枝为宜:基质以泥炭土40%+珍珠岩30%+河沙30%为最佳,生根时间仅20天,成活率达82.6%;(2)ABT生根粉、NAA处理均能促进笔管榕插穗生根和成活,其中使用ABT生根粉以浓度300 mg/L浸泡45 min为佳,生根时间仅22天,成活率达80_3%;使用NAA以600 mg/L浸泡10 min为宜,生根时间仅21天,成活率达83.0%.因此,在受控的温度、光照、相对湿度和基质水分环境条件下,选择适宜的枝条插穗和基质.并进行适当激素处理.可使笔管榕扦插生根成活率达80%以上.     

榕管蓟马发生及种群消长规律

在室内自然变温条件下对玉溪市红塔区小叶榕(Ficus concinna)上的榕管蓟马(Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimm)的历期和年发生消长规律进行了调查。结果表明,该虫在红塔区小叶榕上完成1代夏季需要25~31 d,春秋季需要42~47 d,冬季需要54~60 d。随着气温的下降,各虫态历期也相应加长,完成1代的时间也随之延长,榕管蓟马在红塔区一年可发生8~9代,周年可发生,世代重叠严重,卵的发生表现为两个高峰期,第一个高峰时间在7月中旬到10月下旬,第二个高峰时间在1月中下旬至2月中下旬,第一个高峰期发生数量大于第二个高峰期,其发生数量与温度关系密切,与降水有一定的关系。