信息技术在测土配方施肥中的运用

论述了国外欧美等发达国家信息技术在土壤养分管理和施肥技术上的运用特点，分析了中国测土配方施肥对信息技术的要求、发展趋势，提出了中国目前测土配方施肥信息化处理的要求、任务和内容，分析了县市农业技术推广部门在测土配方施肥运用信息技术存在的问题。测土配方施肥中信息技术的运用主要包括：（1）应用数据库技术和地理信息系统，按照标准处理和整理土壤肥料等数据和相关图件，建立属性数据库和空间数据库与管理系统；（2）利用地理信息系统和基础数据库，结合应用模型，建立耕地地力评价系统、施肥决策系统等测土配方施肥应用系统；（3）将网络技术与已建立的应用系统结合起来，实现数据库的共享化和测土配方施肥的网络化。     

Effect of varied N rates and N timings on yield, N uptake and fertilizer N use efficiency of a six-row and a two-row winter barley

The effects of N rates and N timings on yield formation, N uptake at five growth stages and fertilizer N use efficiency of six-row and two-row winter barley were evaluated in field trials conducted from 1990/91 to 1992/93 at the TU Munich's research station Roggenstein.

On average over 3 years the six-row cultivar yielded most at a total rate of 110 kg ha⁻¹ N including an early application of 40 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30 (Zadoks scale). The two-row cultivar achieved maximum yield at a total rate of 140 kg ha⁻¹ N including early applications of 70 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30. The highest yielding N-treatments of six-row barley regularly took up less nitrogen at EC 32 (95 kg ha⁻¹ N on average) than the non-optimally fertilized treatments, whereas full exploitation of the yield potential of two-row barley was associated with higher rates of N-uptake at EC 32 (113 kg ha⁻¹ N on average).

Lodging did not occur in the trials conducted in 1991 and 1992 and no difference was detected between the two cultivars in fertilizer N use efficiency. With six-row barley the N treatment giving maximum yield also led to an optimum fertilizer N use efficiency. Full exploitation of the two-row barley yield potential was associated with suboptimal fertilizer N use efficiencies.     

肥料用量及施用方法对烤烟漂浮育苗烟苗素质的影响

采用小拱棚vaulted shed进行烤烟virginal tobacco漂浮育苗试验，以烤烟育苗肥(N 14.76%P2O57.33%、K2O 18.66%)用量及施用方法为参试因子，从出苗率emergence rate和成活率，烟苗的主要农艺性状、干物质积累量accumulation、各部位营养元素含量等方面进行探讨研究，结果表明，烤烟漂浮育苗施肥量以0.9kg/池(以可放入34个长66cm、宽34cm、高5cm的育苗盘的育苗池计)、并采用出苗期施60%和大十字期施40%的两次施肥方法的处理，其烟苗N、P、K、Ca的吸收量absorption amount，根部最高，茎部较高，而叶部适中，相应培育出的烟苗，其茎高、茎直径、根部干重、茎部干重及根冠比最大，因此烟苗的综合素质最好。     

减少蔬菜碳足迹的主要肥料合理用量分析——以浏阳蔬菜生产合作社为例

肥料是影响作物产量和农业碳排放的主要因子之一。研究基于减少单位产量碳足迹,探讨主要肥料的合理用量。对浏阳4个合作社中黄瓜、苦瓜、豆角、莴笋、苋菜、茄子等8种蔬菜生产进行3年定点调查,并对相关数据进行统计分析。结果表明:每季蔬菜生产氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、厩肥施用量依次为:0、327.2、0、48936 kg/hm2,可使单位产量碳足迹减少85.85%,产量提高24.11%。因此,浏阳发展高效低碳蔬菜种植产业关键施肥技术在于减少氮肥与钾肥的使用,控制磷肥的用量,增施厩肥。     

肥料深施对小麦生育性状、养分吸收及产量的影响

几年来在豫东潮土地区砂质土上进行的肥料深施效果试验研究结果表明,肥料深施对小麦的生育状况和经济性状有较大影响,肥料深施与浅施比较,可使小麦植株前期生长健壮,中后期生长稳健,落黄好,穗大粒多,籽粒饱满。可显著增加小麦养分吸收量,提高化肥利用率,肥料深施处理比浅施处理氮、磷、钾的吸收量,分别增加34.32￣67.81kg/hm2,3.22￣9.42kg/hm2和17.82￣39.84kg/hm2;氮素化肥利用率提高20.86￣41.1个百分点,磷肥利用率提高7.13￣15.39个百分点;肥料深施在小麦田里养分残留量较浅施的高,尽管一季小麦对土壤有机质耗竭不大,但对氮、磷素的残存已有差异。肥料深施对小麦产量、经济效益、化肥利用率有显著的影响,采用肥料深施技术比群众习惯施肥方法(浅施)可增产小麦337.1￣1183.5kg/hm2,增产率达7.6%￣26.6%,增加收益539.36￣1893.6元/hm2。     

小麦高产经济施肥技术指标和参数

通过1986～1990年间80多个田间小麦肥效试验,研究了石家庄地区小麦生产进入高产阶段后不同肥力土壤上小麦肥效曲线方程、高产经济施肥指标。结果表明,不同肥力麦田的小麦高产经济施肥指标为:高肥力麦田亩施N11.1～13.8kg,P_2O_510.7～13.9kg,中肥力麦田亩施N12.6～15.2kg,P_2O_59.8～12.1kg;低肥力麦田亩施N13.3～15.5kg,P_2O_59.1～11.7kg。还研究了小麦目标产量施肥法所需的三个施肥参数:(1)小麦百公斤产量养分吸收量,空白区平均为:N2.32kg,P_2O_51.05kg,K_2O2.72kg;施肥区平均为:N2.82kg,P_2_51.03kg,K_2O_3.15kg。(2)土壤速效磷和碱解氮的校正系数(C_P、C_N)分别为:C_P=0.41+4.01/P,C_N=0.28+0.035P。(3)氮、磷肥利用率(Z_N、Z_P)分别为:Z_N(％)=42.1-0.35P,Z_P(％)=27.6-1.20P(P为土壤速效磷含量)。     

等离子体处理玉米对化肥利用率的影响

2004年在吉林省桦甸市桦郊乡进行了等离子体种子4种不同剂量、6个处理区的试验。经过在拔节期、成熟期干物质的化验分析和测产，结果表明应用等离子体种子处理1.0A×2和1.5A×2的剂量能促进玉米吸收养分，（N＋P2O5＋K2O）总量比CK1提高10%以上；比CK1提高化肥利用率即提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率为7.4%~8.2%、 11.3%~19.7%和 15.7%~23.5%。明确了等离子体种子处理1.0A×2的剂量，比CK1增产8.2%，效果显著。     

不同施肥水平对油菜胞质雄性不育系07A和杂一代品种川油12育性影响研究

以甘蓝型油菜ｐｏｌｉｍａ细胞质雄性不育（ＣＭＳ）系０７Ａ和杂一代品种川油１２号为材料，连续两年采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计，研究了氮、磷、钾、硼不同施用量对上述材料育性的影响。结果表明：（１）不育系的不育度和杂一代的恢复度均受年度间气候变化的影响，同一材料在年度间有不同的表现，对各元素施用量的反映也不尽相同；（２）施用过多的氮肥会降低０７Ａ的不育度和杂一代的恢复度，而增施磷、钾、硼肥可提高不育     

The effect of plastic mulch on the fate of urea-N in rain-fed maize production in a semiarid environment as assessed by 15N-labeling

A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical to design appropriate N management strategies in plastic-mulched croplands. We evaluated the effects of plastic mulch on urea-N recovery by crops and loss from soil in furrow-ridge plots, with and without maize (Zea mays L.) cropping, in a semi-arid rain-fed site in China. We applied the same rate of urea-N (281 kg ha⁻¹) to all treatments during the preparation of the furrow-ridges in 2011 and 2012 but ¹⁵N-labeled the urea in 2011 only. We used transparent film to cover all soil surfaces in the mulched treatments and seeded maize in furrows in treatments with crop. In 2011, plastic mulch increased the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass of maize by 53%, whereas it decreased the in-season labeled-N uptake by 19%, compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2011, in mulched treatments the total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm soil layer was 25% greater whereas unaccounted labeled-N was 69% less, than in non-mulched treatments, regardless of whether maize was cropped. In 2012 the effect of mulch on total maize N uptake was comparable to that in 2011, but the residual soil labeled-N uptake by maize was 63% higher in mulched compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2012, plastic mulch increased total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm depth in cropped soils and unaccounted labeled-N in non-cropped soils, compared with no mulch. Our results indicate that plastic mulch profoundly changes the fate of urea-N in maize production in cold and dry croplands.     

香蕉作物施用肥料增效剂的效应

以香蕉和粉蕉为试验材料,研究施用肥料增效剂的效果。结果表明:施用肥料增效剂能极显著增加蕉果产量,增产量为7 85t/hm2～22 15t/hm2,相对增产19 6%～57 8%,收益增加7704元/hm2～23150元/hm2,每公斤肥料增效剂增值8 87元～14 82元。肥料增效剂的适宜用量为1500kg/hm2,施用肥料增效剂能加快出叶速度,提早现蕾28～60天,增强蕉株抗寒力,明显增加蕉叶N、P2O5、K2O、MgO、S、Zn和B的养分含量。