不同条件下夏玉米冠层反射光谱响应特性的研究

通过对两个年份不同牛育阶段的田间夏玉米活体进行冠层反射光谱测定,该文分析了不同空间尺度、种植密度、观测角度、生育阶段、叶面积指数KAI、氮素胁迫、叶片含水量以及与杂草共生等8个条件下的冠层反射光谱响应特性,并探讨其发生机理,研究结果表明,夏玉米在不同条件下的冠层反射光谱响应均呈现出一定的规律性.在近红外波段,其反射率值随氮肥施用量的增加而增大,尤以750～1350 nm波段,但在可见光波段,反射率值降低;随着观测探头的逐步升高,反射率值降低:随杂草量的增多,反射率值逐渐增大.这些结果揭示了高光谱遥感田间夏玉米理化信息获取的巨大潜力,同时,为以后遥感反演建模提供了依据.     

基于荧光光谱的辣椒种子品种识别

为了提高辣椒种子品种鉴别效率,实现辣椒种子品种快速无损鉴别,研究了一种基于荧光光谱的辣椒种子品种快速无损识别方法。选择同一系列相似辣椒种子的杂交品种卓椒3号、卓椒4号和卓椒5号为研究对象,分别采集辣椒种子的荧光光谱56份,对原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)卷积平滑和一阶导数(first derivative,FD)预处理;采用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)方法提取主成分,实现数据降维;采用Fisher判别分析方法建立辣椒种子品种识别模型。结果显示:采用荧光光谱建立判别模型时,卓椒3号辣椒种子的品种识别正确率达到92.9%,卓椒4号、卓椒5号辣椒种子的品种识别正确率均达到100.0%,整体识别正确率达到97.6%;采用荧光光谱的一阶导数光谱建立判别模型时,卓椒3号、卓椒4号、卓椒5号辣椒种子的品种识别正确率均达到100.0%,整体识别正确率达到100.0%。研究结果表明,种子叶绿素荧光光谱结合化学计量学方法能够有效识别辣椒种子品种。     

The application of proximal visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate soil organic matter on the Triffa Plain of Morocco

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a fundamental soil constituent. The estimation of this parameter in the laboratory using the classical method is complex time-consuming and requires the use of chemical reagents. The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of two laboratory measurement setups of the VIS-NIR spectroscopy in estimating SOM content and determine the important spectral bands in the SOM estimation model. A total of 115 soil samples were collected from the non-root zone (0–20 cm) of soil in the study area of the Triffa Plain and then analysed for SOM in the laboratory by the Walkley–Black method. The reflectance spectra of soil samples were measured by two protocols, Contact Probe (CP) and Pistol Grip (PG)) of the ASD spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm) in the laboratory. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to develop the prediction models. The results of coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) showed that the pistol grip offers reasonable accuracy with an R² = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.13 compared to the contact probe protocol with an R² = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.19. The near-Infrared range were more accurate than those in the visible range for predicting SOM using the both setups (CP and PG). The significant wavelengths contributing to the prediction of SOM for (PG) setup were at: 424, 597, 1432, 1484, 1830,1920, 2200, 2357 and 2430 nm, while were at 433, 587, 1380, 1431, 1929, 2200 and 2345 nm for (CP) setup.     

基于NRC模型下不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白预测产量与分子功能团特征参数相关性分析

试验基于NRC-2001模型预测不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白产量,利用光谱技术分析不同玉米副产品的分子功能团特征及二者之间的相关性并建立回归方程。采用NRC-2001模型对奶牛饲料蛋白营养价值进行评价,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）技术收集光谱数据并分析。结果显示,利用NRC-2001模型预测不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白特征参数具有显著差异（P<0.05）。其中,小肠中真可吸收代谢蛋白总量在玉米蛋白粉中有最高值,其次是玉米胚芽饼、玉米胚芽、玉米皮及玉米籽粒。饲料产奶价值（FMV）存在相同趋势。在光谱结构分析中,饲料的分子功能团特征参数存在显著差异（P<0.05）,蛋白代谢预测产量与分子功能团特征参数之间存在相关性,建立的回归模型拟合度较好。其中,玉米籽粒中酰胺Ⅰ带与纤维性碳水化合物的面积比值（Amide Ⅰ_CELC）显著高于其他饲料原料（P<0.05）,玉米胚芽的酰胺Ⅰ带与结构性碳水化合物的面积比值（Amide Ⅰ_SCHO）和Amide Ⅰ_CELC比值均较低（P<0.05）,而玉米皮的蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带与结构性碳水化合物（SCHO）和纤维性碳水化合物（CELC）之间的光谱面积比值均显著低于其他饲料比值（P<0.05）,玉米胚芽饼的蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带与总碳水化合物之间峰面积比值（Amide Ⅱ_TNSCHO）显著高于其他饲料原料（P<0.05）。在不同玉米副产品饲料中,瘤胃合成微生物蛋白（MCP）和小肠真可吸收微生物蛋白（AMCP）含量与蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带与非结构性碳水化合物之间的峰面积比值（Amide Ⅰ_TNSCHO）无显著相关性（P>0.05）,但与其他各光谱分子功能团特征参数存在显著负相关（P<0.05）。Amide Ⅰ_TCHO和Amide Ⅱ_SCHO可共同作为预测因子估测小肠真可吸收瘤胃非降解蛋白（ARUP）、代谢蛋白（MP）和FMV,其决定系数均为0.997。本试验结果表明,不同玉米副产品基于NRC-2001模型下代谢蛋白预测产量与分子功能团特征参数之间存在相关关系,可利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析技术对饲料营养价值进行快速分析和估测。     

主成分──逐步回归法在近红外光谱定量分析中应用的研究

本文使用一种新的多元统计建模方法：主成分——逐步回归法,用于近红外光谱定量分析中,其预测精度接近偏最小二乘法．     

用FTIR法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理

采用FTIR显微分析技术,对FRW阻燃处理红松木材限制燃烧固相产物的结构进行分析;采用GC_FTIR联机分析方法,对经FRW阻燃剂及其主要组分处理的紫椴木材试样的热解挥发性产物进行分析和鉴定;讨论FRW阻燃处理木材的热解炭化过程、阻燃剂的作用以及热解产物的结构特点。结果表明:FRW阻燃木材受热时,随着温度的升高,在FRW及其分解产物的催化下,木材逐步发生聚糖脱水、半纤维素脱乙酸、聚糖降解、木质素降解、木材热解产物聚合、脂肪族聚合物脱氧及芳构化等反应,最终炭化;FRW阻燃剂改变了木材的热解途径,并且显著降低了挥发性有机化合物的生成量。     

Evaluation of the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control

Conidia of the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride were formulated in a paraffinic oil, ‘Shellsol’ T, and sprayed using the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer. Germination of the conidia collected from the spray was reduced by 30% as compared to unsprayed conidia. However, in bioassays, there was no detectable difference in virulence with conidia collected from the spray samples and unsprayed formulation. This indicated that, despite the recorded reduction in the concentration of active conidia, the efficacy of the formulation remained unchanged after passing through the exhaust nozzle sprayer. The droplet size spectra produced by the sprayer were investigated using the Malvern series 2600cc particle size analyser. The optimum droplets for locust control produced by this sprayer were generated by the number 1 nozzle (internal diameter 2·5 mm) with the number 1 restrictor ring (internal diameter 12.5 mm) sprayed at a pressure of 0·2 bar. The droplets thus produced had a volume median diameter of 58 μm when the nozzle protruded between 1 and 2 mm above the level of the restrictor ring. Of the droplets in the spray plume created by these conditions, 33% were between 50 and 100 μm, a range recommended as an achievable optimum for the ultra-low-volume application of Metarhizium flavoviride. The role of the exhaust nozzle sprayer as a tool for the application of M. flavoviride for locust control is discussed with reference to other vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayers. © 1997 SCI     

SPECTRAL BEHAVIOUR AND SPECTRAL SEPARABILITY OF ERODED LANDS USING MULTI-SENSOR DATA

A sound knowledge of the spectral behaviour of any feature or phenomenon helps to establish its spectral response pattern, which ultimately allows it to be detected and delineated using spectral measurements made by multispectral sensors aboard different platforms. The spectral behaviour of eroded lands and associated features was studied in part of the Bijapur District of Karnataka State using multispectral measurements made by the Landsat-multispectral scanner system (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM), and SPOT-HRV multispectral linear array (MLA) sensors under near-identical illumination and atmospheric conditions. The spectral separability of different categories of eroded lands was also studied using scattergrams and divergence analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响

利用FEIXG型电子自旋共振波谱仪和Nicolet Nexus 670型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响。研究结果表明,经微波处理后的稻草表面自由基浓度显著增加,最高可以达到处理前自由基浓度的7倍左右。且随着处理时间的延长和微波强度的增加,稻草表面自由基浓度的增加幅度有所上升。经微波处理后,稻草外表面的化学成分(包括SiO2、羟基、木素和纤维素)变化都不明显,而稻草内表面SiO2略有减少,羟基显著增加,木素和纤维素也有一定变化。微波处理可以改善稻草内表面的特性,使之比外表面更具活性,有利于稻草与胶黏剂之间的交联。     

基于氮稳定同位素分析的三峡水库主要鱼类营养级研究

运用稳定同位素技术对2018年7月—2019年1月采自三峡库区干流木洞、涪陵、云阳和秭归江段的38种鱼类进行氮稳定同位素分析,同时计算鱼类营养级并构建了鱼类连续营养谱。研究结果显示,三峡库区干流鱼类δ15N值平均值为11.02‰,变化范围为5.31‰~17.79‰。以初级消费者螺类作为基准生物估算出三峡库区干流鱼类平均营养级为2.67,范围为1.47~4.12。营养级大于4级的鱼类仅有1种,营养级位于2~3级之间的鱼类种类数最多,占种类总数的50.0%,其次是营养级大于3级的鱼类,占种类总数的31.6%,不同食性鱼类组合的营养级存在差异。库区干流鱼类营养级的时空差异均不显著,而越靠近大坝的江段食物链长度的季节性波动幅度越大。和水库蓄水运行初期相比,鱼类营养级显著升高且高营养级鱼类的群落结构和营养特征发生了一定程度的改变,特别是拥有较高营养级的短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)在库区干流逐渐扩张并成为优势种,其可能对库区干流鱼类营养结构产生影响。