European forest accounting: general concepts and Austrian experiences

Within the European Union there exist three different frameworks for forest accounting at the national level. For purposes of the national accounts, the regulations of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) have to be observed. They require a distinction between forestry and logging and provide specific guidelines for the valuation of standing timber. In recognition of the special character of forests and forestry production, two satellite accounts are devoted to forestry: the Economic Accounts for Forestry (EAF) and the European Framework for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Forests (IEEAF). Although they were designed as complementary to the national accounts and refer to the same basic methodologies, the guidelines for forest accounting provided by the three manuals are not fully compatible. Just recently, a further integration and harmonization of the concepts for forest accounting has been proposed. Austria has implemented the valuation of the increment as an output of forestry as requested by ESA and produces the EAF tables on a regular basis. The possibilities for extending forest accounting to natural resource accounts for standing timber and the IEEAF have been investigated in terms of pilot studies. The Austrian experiences and results exemplify the problems and possible solutions associated with the adoption of the different European schemes. Data deficits and valuation issues restrict the significance of respective results to some degree, especially as regards forestry-specific extensions of the accounting schemes.     

国有林业产业对地区经济发展贡献度的动态演绎分析

基于1998~2018年黑龙江省国有林业产业数据,从发展规模、产业结构、投入产出效益、专业化水平等4个方面对黑龙江省国有林业产业发展现状进行总体概述和分析。借助产业贡献度指标测算国有林业产业对黑龙江省经济发展的贡献水平,并基于三次产业构成进一步对国有林业产业贡献度进行了结构性动态评价。研究得出:黑龙江省国有林业产业对地区经济发展贡献呈现稳步上升的特征,第一产业表现突出,第二、三产业呈小幅下降、小幅上升的反向变动特征。基于结果分析,从产业自身发展和持续推进多种经营产业转型两个方面提出方向性建议。     

小陇山林区日本落叶松人工商品林抚育间伐技术及经济效益研究

通过分析，确定了小陇山林区日本落叶松人工商品林抚育间伐的时间，抚育间隔期及抚育强度，预测了抚育间伐的经济效益。     

Effects of organic and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield and soil chemical properties in a maize cropping system in Meru South District, Kenya

Soil nutrient depletion as a result of continuous cultivation of soils without adequate addition of external inputs is a major challenge in the highlands of Kenya. An experiment was set up in Meru South District, Kenya in 2000 to investigate the effects of different soil-incorporated organic (manure, Tithonia diversifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala) and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield, and soil chemical properties over seven seasons. On average, tithonia treatments (with or without half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer) gave the highest grain yield (5.5 and 5.4 Mg ha⁻¹ respectively) while the control treatment gave the lowest yield (1.5 Mg ha⁻¹). After 2 years of trial implementation, total soil carbon and nitrogen contents were improved with the application of organic residues, and manure in particular improved soil calcium content. Results of the economic analysis indicated that on average across the seven seasons, tithonia with half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer treatment recorded the highest net benefit (USD 787 ha⁻¹) while the control recorded the lowest (USD 272 ha⁻¹). However, returns to labor or benefit-cost ratios were in most cases not significantly improved when organic materials were used.     

扬州市邗江低湿江滩地林农复合构建模式早期经济效益研究

对江苏省扬州市邗江渔业乡低湿江滩地构建的4类16种林农复合模式的经济效益评估结果表明,意大利杨与菊苣、意大利杨与荩草、意大利杨与苏丹草、意大利杨与银杏苗、意大利杨与棕榈、意大利杨与莲、水杉与药用蚂蝗、水杉与精鱼等8种复合模式是低湿江滩地开发经济效益高的优良构建模式;围网养殖尤其是船带网箱移动养殖长江水特产品是江滩水面资源开发利用的高效特色模式。认为滩地开发应在巩固“八五”绿化滩地,营建抑螺防病林成果的基础上,引进新树种,新种植、养殖优良生物品种,用新技术进行优化配置,以优化现有湿地森林结构,创立体现沿江湿地林渔特色的“多物种、多功能、多效益”人工林系统,建设观光林网,观光渔业,滨江湿地森林生态旅游村,进一步促进江滩湿地资源深度开发及沿江农村经济与社会可持续发展。     

迁西县退耕还林的效益分析

退耕还林工程是我国为解决水土流失、土地沙化等生态环境问题而采取的重大举措,也为我国的林业建设发挥了巨大的作用。本文以河北省迁西县为例,采用实地调查和问卷调查相结合的方式,分析和研究迁西县在退耕还林工程实施前后的各项效益,包括生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,结果显示,退耕还林在迁西县林业发展中取得了显著效益。     

贵州省退耕还林工程社会经济效益阶段评价研究

通过对水城、黎平、望谟、关岭、麻江、黔西、龙里、习水、开阳、铜仁10个退耕还林工程综合效益监测重点县107个固定样地户主共91户退耕农户进行连续4年的跟踪调查，同时结合10个县面上统计数的分析及其典型县204户退耕农户的典型调查，对监测区退耕还林的经济、社会效益进行了评价：退耕还林工程区环境效益经济值明显提高，水土流失得到有效控制；工程区退耕农户收入增加，粮食总产量稳定；退耕还林促进了农村劳动力的转移。     

人造板工业生产中污染控制的经济分析

人造板工业发展过程中对环境污染的控制非常重要。本文通过对人造板企业经济行为的负外部性、政府管制的重要性和适度排污点的经济分析，提出了国家制定标准、环境收费和政府补助等对策措施，以控制污染。     

基于DPSIR概念框架的区域水土保持效益评价新思路

 定量评价区域水土保持效益并得到综合质量指数,便于区域水土保持效益的纵向或横向比较,进而为水土保持技术的提升和区域生态环境建设的科学决策服务。DPSIR(driving force-pressure-state-impact-response)概念框架有助于全面分析水土保持的"驱动力"、"压力"、"状态"、"影响"和"响应",有助于理解水土保持社会、经济和环境各因素的作用过程以及彼此之间的因果关系。在介绍DPSIR概念框架的基础上,根据区域水土保持效益评价指标体系构建的主导原则,初步提出水土保持效益评价的DPSIR框架,进而提出水土保持效益评价从基础数据到综合指数集成的新思路。     

规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂使用意愿与行为研究——基于TPB-NAM整合模型

饲料添加剂具有提高动物免疫功能、促进动物健康生长等诸多优势。然而,滥用饲料添加剂已经对动物、人类健康和环境构成了严重的威胁,规范使用饲料添加剂是养殖户亲环境生产行为的重要表现。基于计划行为理论(TPB)和规范激活理论(NAM)的整合框架,利用江西省、湖北省和云南省水禽养殖户微观调查数据,采用结构方程模型,从个体理性和社会理性两个维度,分析在规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂的使用意愿与行为。结果表明,受访者表现出较高的规范使用饲料添加剂意愿,均值为3.764,但实际行为偏低,均值为3.216。态度、主观规范和感知行为控制均对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂意愿产生显著正向影响,但影响效应依次减弱;结果意识正向影响责任归属,而责任归属和感知收益共同激活个人规范。意愿与个人规范对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂行为均具有显著正向影响,且意愿的影响更大,但意愿与行为之间存在悖离现象。据此,提出应采取措施提升水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂的积极态度,强化水禽养殖户在生产过程中所承担的环境责任,营造规范使用饲料添加剂氛围,加大政策支持和补贴力度,加强监管与督察力度等政策建议。