Evaluation of cinnamamide as an avian repellent: Determination of a dose—response curve

The dose-response curve was quantified for the avian repellency of cinnamamide, a derivative of the plant secondary compound cinnamic acid, using a three-day, ‘short-term no-choice’ test. This test was designed to resemble more closely the availability of alternative food in the birds' natural environment than in previous no-choice studies. Cinnamamide reduced food consumption by feral pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) at concentrations as low as 6.17 μmole g^?1 food (0.09% w/w) and this reduction increased with concentration. An R₅₀ index, the concentration at which food consumption was reduced by 50% was interpolated from the dose-response curve as 18.4 (±0.38) μmole g^?1 food 10.26% w/w). This index can now be matched with those of related compounds in future structure-activity studies. The birds' response to cinnamamide changed over the three-day trial with respect to concentration. Repellency declined at concentrations < R₅₀ and increased at concentrations > R₅₀. This suggests that pigeons become habituated to cinnamamide at low concentrations but at high concentrations they may develop a conditioned aversion. This study provides quantitative confirmation of previous laboratory and field demonstrations of cinnamamide's effectiveness as a non-lethal chemical repellent suitable for reducing avian pest damage.     

日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸及苏氯酸水平对早期断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响

本研究分两次试验进行 ,试验 1研究两个蛋白质水平 ( 1 8% ,2 0 % )及三个赖氨酸水平 ( 1 .0 % ,1 .3%和 1 .6 % )对机体免疫机能的影响 ;试验 2研究两个蛋氨酸水平 ( 0 .2 9% ,0 .39% )和三个苏氨酸水平( 0 .6 0 % ,0 .6 8%和 0 .76 % )对机体免疫机能的影响。试验日粮均为简单型日粮 ,试验动物为早期断奶仔猪 ,其日龄体重分别为 2 5± 3日、6 .78± 0 .0 8kg与 2 6± 1日龄、6 .6 8± 0 .0 4kg。测定不同蛋白质和氨基酸水平下 ,免疫器官重量、淋巴细胞数量及组成、血液IgG效价、注射PHA皮褶厚度变化及SRBC(绵羊红细胞 )免疫后抗体效价。结果表明 ,日粮不同蛋白质和赖氨酸水平对血清IgG效价无影响 ,在皮褶厚度的变化的影响上 ,两者交互作用极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )。苏氨酸及蛋氨酸的不同水平显著影响血液中IgG效价及抗SRBC抗体效价 (P <0 .0 5) ,机体免疫机能最佳时适宜的蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸及苏氨酸水平分别为 1 8% ,1 .3% ,0 .39%及 0 .6 8%。     

Resistance to early blight of tomato with respect to various parameters of disease epidemics

Resistance to early blight in the tomato was assessed by examining various parameters of the progress of the disease. Artificial inoculation and the scoring technique were standardized. Test plants were inoculated with 125cfu/ml of a 12-day-old culture of a pathogenic isolate of Alternaria solani. Screening under artificial conditions was more informative than that under natural epidemic conditions. Tomato cultivars CLN-2071-C, CLN-2070-A, BSS-174, and DTH-7 with resistance expressed as slow blighting against four pathogenic isolates of A. solani, were selected for cultivation in disease-prone areas. Disease intensity increased with the age of plants under the same inoculum load. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was positively correlated with the percentage disease index and negatively with resistance. Calculation of the apparent infection rate (r) was more informative for natural epidemics than for artificial conditions. The sequential apparent infection rate between observation periods was better correlated with disease progress than was the total apparent infection rate between the first and last observations. A double sigmoidal disease progress curve during the same cropping season was characteristic of some varieties when fungal infection took place during the vegetative phase of crop growth.     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型。结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少．随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加．且七星瓢虫无选择性。七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著。该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化．指导麦田蚜虫防治。     

富乐旺对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响

150头仔猪被随机分为5组,每组30头,进行饲养试验,探讨富乐旺对断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重升高其中10mg/kg、15mg/kg和20mg/kg富乐旺添加组差异显著(P<0.05);平均日采食量升高;饲料系数和腹泻率、腹泻频率及死亡率降低。     

Tomato early blight (Alternaria solani): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance

Alternaria solani causes diseases on foliage (early blight), basal stems of seedlings (collar rot), stems of adult plants (stem lesions), and fruits (fruit rot) of tomato. Early blight is the most destructive of these diseases and hence receives considerable attention in breeding. For over 60 years, breeding for early blight resistance has been practiced, but the development of cultivars with high levels of resistance has been hampered by the lack of sources of strong resistance in the cultivated tomato and by the quantitative expression and polygenic inheritance of the resistance. In some accessions of wild species, high levels of early blight resistance have been found, but breeding lines still have unfavorable horticultural traits from the donor parent. Recently, the first linkage maps with loci controlling early blight resistance have been developed based on interspecific crosses. These maps may facilitate marker-assisted selection. This overview presents the current knowledge about the A. solani–tomato complex with respect to its biology, genetics, and breeding.     

Comparison ofPotato Virus Y andPlum Pox Virus transmission by two aphid species in relation to their probing behavior

Two different aphid species,Myzus persicae (Sulzer) andHyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Homoptera: Aphididae), were used to analyze their ability to transmit two different potyviruses,Potato virus Y (PVY) andPlum pox virus (PPV), to pepper (Capsicum annuum) andNicotiana benthamiana plants, respectively. In parallel experiments,M. persicae consistently transmitted both viruses with high efficiency, whereasH. pruni always failed to transmit either virus. This is in contrast to previous reports describingH. pruni as a vector of these potyviruses. Different aphid probing behavior among individual aphids of each species was obtained in electrical penetration graph (EPG) experiments performed on pepper plants. This suggested thatH. pruni did not transmit these potyviruses due to behavioral differences during probing that impeded virus acquisition and/or inoculation. It was found thatM. persicae usually makes its first probe within the first 2 min, whereasH. pruni individuals remained for more than 10 min on the plant before starting to probe. Furthermore,M. persicae individuals displayed their first intracellular puncture during the first minute of probing whereasH. pruni needed ∼ 15 min to penetrate the cell plasmalemma with their stylets. In addition, intracellular stylet punctures occurred very frequently forM. persicae but was a rare event, never exceeding a single one, forH. pruni. The relevance of these findings for the epidemiological spread of potyviruses by different aphid species is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

Biotransformation of clomazone in rice (Oryza sativa) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a relatively tolerant species, and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides; EWG), a relatively susceptible species, were exposed to ¹⁴C-labeled clomazone to determine accumulation, biotransformation, and mass balance. On a total mass basis, rice absorbed more clomazone than EWG (p < 0.05), but on a nmol/g basis, there was no significant difference between the two species (p > 0.05). Rice contained more extractable ¹⁴C residues (7.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5 nmol in rice vs. EWG, respectively; p < 0.5), but the concentration in EWG was significantly higher (4.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g in EWG vs. rice, respectively; p < 0.01). More metabolized residue was measured in EWG compared to rice (84.1% vs. 67.9%; p < 0.01). Both species produced hydroxylated forms, β-d-glucoside conjugates, and several other unidentified polar metabolites, but EWG generally produced higher metabolite concentrations. The concentration of the suspected active metabolite, 5-ketoclomazone, was significantly higher in EWG vs. rice (21 ± 2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.5 pmol/g, respectively; p < 0.01). Differences in sensitivity to clomazone between rice and EWG appear to be due to differential metabolism, but in this case the more susceptible EWG qualitatively and quantitatively metabolized more clomazone than the more tolerant rice. This is consistent with the action of a metabolically activated herbicide. This metabolic difference could be exploited to develop herbicide safeners for use with clomazone.     

两种饲喂技术对仙湖肉鸭配套系种鸭生产性能的影响

试验以1860只仙湖鸭父母代雏鸭随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,每组930只,在相同的饲养管理条件下,对种鸭4周龄限饲与8周龄限饲两种饲喂技术进行对比试验。其中Ⅰ组为对照组,采用8周龄限饲饲喂技术;Ⅱ组为试验组,采用4周龄限饲饲喂技术。经过64周试验,结果表明,8周龄限饲技术下的种鸭产蛋率、种蛋合格率、受精率与孵化率虽略高于4周龄限饲技术,但耗料多、产蛋少、经济效益低,因此4周龄限饲技术优于8周龄限饲技术。     

不同营养水平补饲对湘东黑山羊肥育羔羊生产性能的影响

采用80只3~4月龄的湘东黑山羊羔羊,研究3种不同营养水平补饲对肥育羔羊日增重、经济效益的影响。分别在冬、春两个季节进行为期2个月的补饲。试验按完全随机单因子设计,每个季节设4个处理,即3个精料补饲组与1个对照组,每个处理10头湘东黑山羊。参考NRC(1981)的山羊饲养标准设计补充饲料配方,每个季节的3个补饲试验组饲粮的精粗比分别按30∶70、40∶60、50∶50确定,平均补饲量依次按100、200、300g/(d.只)。结果表明冬季补饲试验1、2、3组平均日增重分别为62.75、80.00和85.92g,分别比对照组提高42.06%、81.12%、94.52%,差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。春季补饲试验1、2、3组平均日增重分别为85.33、93.50和100.83g,分别比对照组提高38.00%、51.22%、63.08%,差异均为极显著(P<0.01)。从季节对补饲效果来看,冬季的高精料补饲与低精料补饲(精粗比=30∶70)差异显著;春季的精料补饲量对增重影响不大。冬季补饲以精粗料比40∶60为好,春季以30∶70为好。冬季补饲使试验1、2、3组比对照组增加利润分别为5.14、9.23、4.49元/只;春季补饲使试验1、2、3组比对照组增加利润分别为8.97、5.98、2.35元/只。经济效益比较好的补饲量是,冬季187.5g/d,春季154.1g/d。