纳罗克非洲狗尾草光合生理日变化研究

在昆明市利用Ci-310便携式光合测定仪测定了纳罗克非洲狗尾草（Setaria sphacelata stapf cv.Narok）种子田夏季光合生理参数的日变化.对大气温度、CO2浓度、相对湿度、植物气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、瞬时水分利用率、光合有效辐射、净光合速率等参数进行分析,结果表明：纳罗克非洲狗尾草光合生理特性受环境影响呈规律性变化,光合速率、光合有效辐射、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的日变化呈双峰曲线,存在“午睡”现象.非气孔限制为引起光合“午睡”的主要原因,其中净光合速率降低为叶肉光合活性下降所致.     

BP和RBF神经网络预测射流式喷头射程对比

为了探究适合全射流喷头多因素下射程的预测模型,通过改变喷头工作压力、安装高度、喷嘴直径、喷头仰角共4个参数,对射程进行测量.基于BP神经网络和广义径向基(RBF)神经网络的基本原理和算法,建立了全射流喷头射程预测的BP和RBF神经网络模型,并分析BP和RBF神经网络的预测性能.结果表明射程与工作压力、喷嘴直径呈非线性关系;当喷头在1.2 m安装高度、27°仰角、4~10 mm喷嘴直径时,压力增大到0.4 MPa,射程趋于极限,并且安装高度与射程呈正相关关系.BP与RBF神经网络均能较好地表达全射流喷头射程与主控因素之间的非线性关系.在训练时间方面,RBF网络比BP网络慢8.05 s;预测过程中,BP网络在每次运行程序时的预测结果不一定相同,而RBF网络则不会出现此问题,且RBF网络预测值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差比BP网络的小3.55%.从网络预测总体效果观察,RBF神经网络预测喷头射程具有更好的推广能力.     

湖南烟区土壤pH分布特点及其与土壤养分的关系

测试分析了湖南烟区1089个土壤样本的pH,并分析了其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明：湖南烟区土壤pH总体适宜,平均为6．52,变异系数为16．81％;pH处于最适宜烤烟生长的5．5～6．5间的土壤样本占总样本数的26．91％;pH处于适宜烤烟生长的5．0～7．0间的土壤样本占52．71％。湖南不同烟区土壤pH大小表现为：湘南〉湘北〉湘西〉湘东;烟区不同土壤类型pH大小表现为：鸭屎泥〉黄壤土〉青泥田〉黄灰土〉黄泥田〉红黄泥。土壤pH与土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌、有效铁、水溶性氯、交换性钙和交换性镁的相关性均达1％极显著水平。土壤pH分组后,土壤养分含量在组间存在极显著差异。湖南烟区pH在5．5～6．5间的土壤的有机质、全氮、速效磷、有效锌和水溶性氯含量能够满足优质烤烟生长需求,有效锰、有效铁、交换性钙和交换性镁含量能满足烤烟的正常生长需求,有效钾和有效铜含量偏低,但尚未引起烤烟的缺素症状。     

和田绿洲水文气象要素分形特征与R/S分析

基于和田绿洲半个世纪（1954-2003年）以来实测水文气象资料,应用Kandell秩次相关检验法进行趋势性分析,结果表明：气温、蒸发的增加趋势显著,降水、相对湿度与河川径流量存在不显著的减少趋势。R/S分析结果表明,绿州内各水文气象要素的变化具有持续性,但不同季节的持续强度不同,降水和相对湿度的持续强度夏季大于冬季,其余表现为冬季大于夏季。分形结果显示,各水文气象要素变化的趋势性和复杂程度不同,其中玉龙喀什河径流量〉喀拉喀什河径流量〉相对湿度〉降水量〉平均气温〉蒸发量,即绿洲径流变化的趋势线最不明显,也最复杂。研究结果对了解绿洲气候资源、指导农业生产及预防灾害有参考作用。     

外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

Movement behaviour of large female yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in a freshwater polder area

Due to a recruitment decline of more than 90% in 30 years, the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) has been classified by IUCN as critically endangered. Although the species has been studied intensively to obtain knowledge to improve management, studies about the resident yellow stage are relatively scarce. In this study, 52 large female yellow eels were tagged with acoustic transmitters in a Belgian polder system and tracked by a network of 23 automatic listening stations. We studied both circadian and seasonal movement patterns and the effect of environmental variables on these patterns. Large female yellow eels were most active at night in late summer and early autumn. A generalised linear mixed model showed that their movement is only slightly influenced by environmental variables. Moreover, as yellow eels show high site fidelity (i.e., the majority was detected only in the habitat type of their catch‐release location), they do not encounter many human‐induced connectivity problems in polder systems, which makes these systems highly suitable as eel growth habitat. These results can contribute to an effective eel management regarding habitat protection and restoration.     

Growing Degree Day: Noninvasive Remotely Sensed Method to Monitor Diet Crude Protein in Free-Ranging Cattle

The daily nutritional balance of free-ranging cattle is the net result of intake from available forage biomass and nutritive value weighed against the nutritional requirements of the animal. Plant phenology influences nutritive value. Plant phenology is dictated by time of year and an accumulation of photosynthetically active days. Growing degree day (GDD) is a concept that quantifies this relationship and has been used to predict nutritive value in perennial range grasses. GDD could be substituted for chemical analysis to inform grazing animal nutritional monitoring efforts. We hypothesized that in C4 grass-dominated rangelands, a cumulative GDD calculation would correlate with diet crude protein (CP) predictions obtained by fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) from free-ranging cattle. Therefore, the objectives of our research were to evaluate the effectiveness of GDD to predict FNIRS-derived determinations of grazing cattle diet CP in 1) two groups of three individual animals grazing a small native pasture and 2) large commercial-scale herds grazing expansive rangelands. For the first objective, cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP were strongly correlated (r² = 0.76; P < 0.01). Relationships between cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP for the second objective varied considerably among ranches, ranging from a low r² of 0.05 (P = 0.871) to a high r² of 0.78 (P < 0.049). Similar values for individual ranch/year combinations were stronger; ranging from a minimum r² of 0.44 (P = 0.556) to a maximum of 0.95 (P = 0.051). The aggregate relationship between GDD and FNIRS-predicted CP for all ranch/year combinations was highly significant (r² = 0.37; P < 0.001), but the standard error was 1.86% CP. The noninvasive remotely sensed grazing animal nutritional monitoring method described here was accurate enough to inform tactical rangeland diet quality assessments but was not accurate enough to inform operational-scale grazing management decisions.     

泰和乌鸡肉营养成分特征分析

泰和乌鸡因其药食同源而闻名天下,为探讨泰和乌鸡营养成分在性别之间和与其他鸡种间的差别与优势,测试分析了乌鸡的公鸡-阉鸡-母鸡之间、林下散养-笼养之间和散养乌鸡-散养小黄鸡之间鸡肉中营养成分的区别,结果表明:林下散养乌鸡具有高氨基酸、适中蛋白质和低脂肪特征,乌鸡肉中富含硒和锌、铁、锰等微量元素,不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸;呈味氨基酸含量公鸡高于母鸡,乌鸡高于小黄鸡。     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India

Studies conducted on free-ranging mithuns of Nagaland, India revealed that the overall seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in mithun was 42% (95% CI = 33-51) when detected by modified direct agglutination test. Highest (prevalence = 57%, 95% CI = 43-71) seroprevalence was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and the lowest (prevalence = 18%, 95% CI =4-32) in mithuns of 1-2 years old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence = 40%, 95% CI = 26-54) and female (prevalence = 44%, 95% CI = 31-57) seroprevalences. The study also revealed that the maximum number (57%) of animals with the highest titre (1 : 3200) were above 3 years of age. This is the first serological survey for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging mithuns from India.     

Relationships of dead wood patterns with biophysical characteristics and ownership according to scale in Coastal Oregon,USA

Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance. Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds, watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the relevance of ownership patterns.