Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

21世纪头十年徐州市鸟类种群变化

对徐州市1999年和2012年间鸟的种类和数量变化进行了分析.两次调查结果表明,总的种数变化不大,但种的组成变化较大,两次调查中均出现的种仅占总种数的50％左右.     

泡泡树不同品种果实性状差异及生长动态分析

对引种的泡泡树4个品种果实单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数及生长动态进行了初步研究，结果表明不同品种间单株结果量存在较大差异。根据当前单株结果量和果实性状表现，筛选出Mary Foos Johnson和Overleese两个早期丰产的优良品种；同时发现各品种之间果实横径和纵径大小存在差异。4个泡泡树品种的纵横径变化在泡泡果实成熟前期都随着时间的增加而增大。     

Root Exudates of Rice Cultivars Affect Rhizospheric Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils with Different Phosphorus Statuses

Exudation of organic acids by the roots of three rice cultivars grown in three soils of different phosphorus (P) statuses, and their impacts on the rhizospheric P dynamics and P uptake by the rice plants, were investigated. Quantum root exudates from all the rice cultivars were significantly greater at 21 days after transplantation than at panicle initiation or flowering stages. Malic acid was the most predominant organic acid present in the rice root exudates (10.3 to 89.5 μmol plant^?1 d^?1), followed by tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Greater exudation of organic acids from rice grown in P-deficient soil by all the rice cultivars suggested response of rice plant to P stress. Results indicate that the release of organic acids in the root exudates of rice plants can extract P from strongly adsorbed soil P fraction, thereby increasing native soil P utilization efficiency and ensuring adequate P nutrition for the growing rice plants.     

Evergreen broad-leaved forest improves soil water status compared with tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened.     

稻田青蛙种群动态及其作用评价

文中根据稻田青蛙种群密度消长调查和蛙胃解剖内容物的分析,评价了稻田青蛙对主要水稻害虫的控制效果。     

塔里木河干流上游土地利用动态变化研究

在干旱区 ,水资源十分匮乏。若能有效的控制塔里木河上游耕地面积的扩张 ,同时提高水资源利用率 ,则能解决塔里木河流域长期以来农业用水和生态用水之间的矛盾 ,这对塔里木河流域持续发展有重要意义。应用遥感技术进行上游土地利用动态变化则为上游耕地现状和趋势发展提供一种快速和准确的方法。本文利用 1 95 9年、1 983年、1 992年和 1 996年四个时期的航片及卫片资料 ,研究了塔里木河干流上游典型图幅土地利用的动态变化。结果表明 ,研究区域人工绿洲和居民点面积逐年扩大 ,湖泊面积明显缩小 ,而天然植被面积趋于缩小 ,难利用面积变化不大。为此 ,有关部门应严格控制目前这种耕地继续扩张趋势 ,同时加强植被生态环境建设     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的动态研究

稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布在水稻的不同发育期存在差异。其空间分布主要由稻田蜘蛛本身的扩散程度及生殖 ,游猎型和定居型数量的多寡 ,主要目标害虫的数量及其分布 ,栖息环境的变化及其耕作方式和稻田蜘蛛的种群密度及其种间竞争程度决定。     

不同生境中稻飞虱种群动态研究

菊酯类农药对水稻螟虫有优异的防治效果,但引起稻飞虱的更大发生。作者用溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯及对稻飞虱高效的噻嗪酮等杀虫剂和对稻飞虱不同抗感水平的水稻品种组成不同的化学、品种环境,系统观察稻飞虱种群动态差异。结果表明,同一水稻品种,不同农药,稻飞虱种群增长量不一样。同一农药,不同水稻品种,稻飞虱的发生亦不同。溴氰菊酯或氰戊菊酯用到感虫品种上,有利因子重叠,稻飞虱的发生量最大;用到中抗品种上,有利因子与不利因子重叠,有效地抑制稻飞虱种群的增长。先将溴氰菊酯喷洒到感虫品种上,10天后再用噻嗪酮,两个有利因子重叠后再加一不利因子,仍可控制稻飞虱的为害。