滴灌条件下枣园蒸散量的显著气象因子分析

【目的】研究不同参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)与显著气象因子的相关性,分析各显著气象因子对滴灌枣园实际蒸散量(ET_c)的贡献率。【方法】在阿克苏地区枣树滴灌试验,选取Penman-Monteith(PM)、Hargreaves-Samani(HS)、Priestley-Taylo(PT)模型,采用多元线性回归分析不同ET₀的显著气象因子,以及各显著气象因子对枣园ET_c的贡献率。【结果】平均相对湿度(RH)与ET₀呈负相关,太阳辐射(R_n)、天顶辐射(R_a)、最高温度(T_max)、最低温度(T_min)、平均温度(T)、风速(U)与ET₀呈正相关;各模型的显著气象因子对ET_c贡献率为:PM-R_n(62.6%)、U(19.9%)、T(11.8%)和RH(5.7%);HS-T_max(55.1%)、T_min(30.1%)、R_a(11.6%)和T(3.2%);PT-R_n(84.1%)、T(12%)和T_min(3.9%)。【结论】T_max及R_n对滴灌枣园ET_c贡献率最大。     

结合遥感数据对云贵地区蒸散发量及干湿变化特征的研究

利用卫星遥感观测MOD16和全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS)的逐月实际蒸散量(MOD16_ETa及GLDAS_ETa)与潜在蒸散发(MOD16_ETp及PM_ETp),探讨了2000-2014年云贵地区蒸散发时空变化规律,并综合利用蒸散发数据与降水数据计算多种干湿指数,分析了云贵地区近15年的干湿变化状况以及蒸散发、降水与地区干湿演变的关系。结果表明:①云贵高原的年均ETa在空间分布上表现为在云南南部最高,贵州东部次之,在云南北部最低的特点;变化趋势上,ETa在云南西南部显著增加,而在云南北部显著减小;②基于不同数据集计算的年均ETp在云贵高原空间分布上差异均较小,但变化趋势均反映出云南中部及北部区域ETp有显著上升趋势;③干湿指数的变化趋势反映贵州地区干湿情况较稳定,云南的中部地区具有较显著的变干趋势,原因是该区域的ETa和降水量在显著下降,而ETp在显著增加。     

气候变化下河北省宁晋县参考作物蒸散量变化趋势及敏感性分析

【目的】深入分析宁晋县气候变化及其蒸散发的变化,为该区域的作物种植管理和灌溉计划制定提供参考。【方法】根据1981—2018年河北省宁晋县气象站的逐日气象资料,计算了极端气候指数,并利用FAO56Penman-Monteith公式计算了参考作物蒸散量(ET0)。分析了各气象要素、极端气候指数和ET0的变化趋势,并利用敏感性分析找出影响ET0变化的主要气象因子。【结果】1981—2018年河北省宁晋县降水量无明显变化趋势,平均温度呈显著上升趋势,日照时间、相对湿度和风速呈显著下降趋势;极端高温指标呈上升趋势,极端低温指标呈下降趋势,极端降水指标无显著变化。【结论】相对湿度是ET0年均值主要影响因子;夏季对ET0月均值影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其他季节,相对湿度对其影响最大;风速和辐射的降低不仅抵消了温度升高和相对湿度降低对ET0的正影响,还使得ET0呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不显著。     

把不确定性引入生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计以评估东海带鱼渔业资源

东海带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)是东海区重要经济鱼类之一,目前还没有研究在生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计中引入不确定性并在此情况下对东海区带鱼渔业资源进行量化评估。文章应用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了渔业数据中不同水平的不确定性和不同初次捕捞年龄对F0.1和Fmax估计的影响,用其与现在的捕捞死亡系数Fcur做比较,初步评估了东海带鱼渔业资源。计算结果表明,高水平的不确定性将会增加在F0.1和Fmax估计中的差异,从而使其被定义为过度捕捞的可能性减小。经过比较表明,F0.1比Fmax是一更好的参考点,且东海区带鱼渔业明显处于过度捕捞状态。不同初次捕捞年龄下单位补充量渔获量的变化情况的研究表明,增大初次捕捞年龄可以减小现在的捕捞死亡率大于参考点死亡率的概率,从而增大初次捕捞年龄可以改善现在捕捞过度的资源状况。     

灌溉量对鸡毛菜生长和品质的影响

以鸡毛菜为材料,通过控制穴盘质量,研究不同灌水量(100%ET、90%ET、80%ET和70%ET)对鸡毛菜生长和生理的影响。试验结果表明,补充灌水量100%ET及90%ET处理下鸡毛菜地上部干鲜质量、株高、茎粗均最高;80%ET处理下鸡毛菜叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量最优,但该处理下鸡毛菜生物量显著低于100%ET和90%ET处理的;70%ET处理除鸡毛菜可溶性蛋白质外,生物量与品质均显著低于其他处理。但100%ET处理耗水量高于90%ET处理的,因此,综合鸡毛菜生物量、品质以及耗水量,在试验设计的范围内90%ET灌水量是最适合鸡毛菜生长的灌水处理。     

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.     

Building shade affects light environment and urban greenery in high-density residential estates in Singapore

Urban green spaces are an important component of the urban ecosystem of cities as they provide a range of ecosystem services that contribute to sustainability and livability of urban areas. The extent to which such services are provided is influenced by limitations on biological processes that underpin such ecosystem services. A poorly understood limitation in the urban environment is the effects of shade created by buildings on the adequacy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for plant growth. We examined the effects of building shade in high-density, high-rise residential estates in Singapore on the level and distribution of PAR, and how PAR might in turn be correlated with growth of plants in community green spaces nested within these estates. Our estimates showed that high-rise and high-density buildings reduced daily PAR by almost 50% when compared to fully exposed conditions. The reduced PAR levels were correlated with lower vegetative and reproductive growth of several species of shrubs, and increased slenderness of two tree species. The shade environment created by buildings was differentiated from shade under vegetation canopies by longer periods of high instantaneous PAR during a diurnal cycle. There was also evidence of higher red to far-red ratio in the spectral composition of PAR. We suggest that an understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR is necessary for appropriate selection of plants, particularly to match daily PAR received on site to daily light integral requirements of plants for improved delivery of ecosystem services.     

Investigations of physiological and pathological levels of total plasma protein in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This study was aimed at construction of reference (physiological) value intervals determined by lower 2.5% and upper 97.5% quantiles for total plasma protein (TPP) in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhychus mykiss (Kamloops strain), aged 10–12 months (n=755). Total plasma protein in male trout from raceway culture was found to be significantly greater (38–58.3 g L^?1) relative to females (31–51.5 g L^?1). Total plasma protein in trout from cage culture was significantly greater (32–54 g L^?1) compared with the raceway culture (31–49 g L^?1). Moderate product–moment correlations between TPP and cholesterol (r=0.8730), TPP and total calcium (r=0.8188), TPP and alanine aminotransferase (r=0.6200) and between TPP and aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.6430) were estimated. Proteinaemia was explained as a metabolic response to feed content, infections of bacterial or viral aetiology or to intoxications.     

Haloperoxidase Mediated Quorum Quenching by Nitzschia cf pellucida: Study of the Metabolization of N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones by a Benthic Diatom

Diatoms are known to produce a variety of halogenated compounds, which were recently shown to have a role in allelopathic interactions between competing species. The production of these compounds is linked to haloperoxidase activity. This research, has shown that this system may also be involved in diatom-bacteria interactions via the H₂O₂ dependent inactivation of a type of quorum sensing (QS) molecule, i.e., N-β-ketoacylated homoserine lactones (AHLs), by a natural haloperoxidase system from the benthic diatom Nitzschia cf pellucida. The AHL degradation pathway towards corresponding halogenated derivatives was elucidated via HPLC-MS analysis and the synthesis of a broad series of novel halogenated AHL analogues as reference compounds. Furthermore, their biological activity as quorum sensing modulators was directly compared and evaluated against a series of naturally occurring β-keto-AHLs. It has been demonstrated that the loss of the QS activity results from the final cleavage of the halogenated N-acyl chain of the signal molecules.