糜子田土壤处理除草剂安全性与药效筛选试验

通过在糜子田播后苗前,选择常用的75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、72%2,4-D丁酯乳油、50%扑草净可湿性粉剂、45%扑津.西草净可湿性粉剂、330g.L-1二甲戊灵乳油、960g.L-1异丙甲草胺乳油和38%莠去津悬浮剂7种土壤处理除草剂,分别设低、中、高量进行安全性及防效筛选试验。结果表明:45%扑津.西草净可湿性粉剂安全性最高,并且株防效和鲜重防效均达90%以上,建议用量为2 250～2 475kg.hm-2;其次是50%扑草净可湿性粉剂和38%莠去津悬浮剂,建议用量分别为50%扑草净可湿性粉剂750～900g.hm-2,38%莠去津悬浮剂3 750～4 500mL.hm-2;330g.L-1二甲戊灵乳油和960g.L-1异丙甲草胺乳油药害严重,不可应用于糜子田化学除草;75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂及72%2,4-D丁酯乳油对禾本科杂草无效,不推荐单独应用。     

糯玉米黄酒发酵条件的优化

为增加黄酒品种类型,扩大原料来源,以糯玉米为原料,采用黑曲霉3758和酿酒酵母As.1392为糖化剂和发酵剂,在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验对糯玉米黄酒的发酵条件进行优化,确定了最佳发酵条件为:糖化剂添加量为9%,发酵剂添加量为0.9%,发酵温度为22℃,发酵时间为19d,初始pH为5.5,此条件下酒精生成量为16.7%。     

不同播期对旱作谷子生长及产量的影响

目的研究旱作条件下不同播期对谷子生长和产量的影响。方法通过对谷子生育时期、叶面积、株高和叶、茎、穗干重以及产量指标的测定,确定谷子的最佳播期。结果随着播期的延迟谷子生育期变短;叶、茎随着播期的延迟生长速率变慢、衰退速率变慢;播种期过早谷子前期生长速率较快、播种晚的谷子后期生长较快;穗干重随着播期的延迟积累变快,千粒重随着播期的延迟呈下降趋势;穗粒数、籽粒产量和产草量均以5月23为播期最高。结论张家口地区谷子最佳播期为5月23日。     

营养转化肥对不同品种谷子产量的影响

营养转化肥是一种植物生长调节肥,其通过调控植物生育期各环节使生产潜力得以发挥,具有提质增产的作用。为评价营养转化肥在谷子上的应用效果,以目前我国夏谷区主推面积较大的3个谷子品种冀谷31、冀谷19和张杂谷11号为试材,采用对比试验设计,研究了施用营养转化肥对植株长势和谷子产量的影响。结果表明：营养转化肥对3个谷子品种苗高10 cm和40 cm左右时的植株长势均无显著影响,在抽穗期只对冀谷19和冀谷31表现出了矮化效果;对3个谷子品种均表现增产效应,增产率顺序为张杂谷11号（7.77%）〉冀谷19（7.24%）〉冀谷31（2.06%）,但方差分析结果显示差异并不显著。     

优质谷子新品种九谷16号的选育

九谷16号(9806-1)是吉林市农业科学院选育的谷子新品种。该品种品质优良,丰产性好,抗逆性较强,于2010年12月通过全国谷子品种鉴定委员会鉴定。适合吉林省东部、辽宁省西部和黑龙江省第1积温带种植,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

不同夏谷品种的产量与氮肥利用效率

以8个夏谷品种为材料,在大田试验条件下,系统研究了谷子产量和氮肥利用效率的品种间差异及对氮肥的响应。结果表明,8个夏谷品种的平均产量以施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理,平均增产率为8.2%;氮肥对8个品种的增产效应不同,以济谷14、济谷17和济谷18增产效果显著,而对其它品种的产量无显著的促进作用。8个夏谷品种的氮肥利用效率存在差异;氮肥农学效率以济谷14最高,与其它品种达显著性差异;而豫谷18和济谷18的氮肥偏生产力显著高于其它品种。因此,在华北夏谷生产中,应结合当地生产情况和不同品种氮肥利用特性进行品种的选择和应用。     

施肥对生土地谷子根苗生长及根际土壤酶和微生物种群的影响

以黄土母质性生土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,探讨了氮、磷、钾及有机肥对谷子生长发育的影响。结果表明:(1)磷是生土地土壤肥力形成与作物生长发育以及根际土壤酶系统和微生物系统形成的首要原始起动营养元素;(2)含磷的处理组合,谷子幼苗阶段地上下部生长均明显较不施磷的长势强,而单施氮和钾甚至不及不施肥的对照。氮、磷、钾对谷子根苗生长的影响顺序为磷氮钾;(3)进入谷子中后期生长阶段,氮素的作用,特别是氮、磷、钾对谷子株高及地上部干重的综合效果表现明显;(4)产量表现为含磷的处理组合,产量及产量结构均明显提高;(5)单施优质高量的有机肥对生土地根苗生长与产量形成具有当年立竿见影的效果;(6)发达的根系促进了根际微生物群落的迅速繁衍,提高了根际土壤酶的活性,有益于促进根-土系统向着熟化方向发展,使生土地上的谷子当年获得正常产量。     

Development and utilization of novel SSRs in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]

Although the foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] is recently regarded as a model crop for studying functional genomics of biofuel grasses, its genetic improvement to some extent was limited due to the non‐availability of molecular markers, particularly the microsatellite markers and the saturated genetic linkage map. Considering this, we attempted to generate a significant number of microsatellite markers in cultivar ‘Prasad’. Two hundred and fifty‐six clones were sequenced to generate 41.82‐kb high‐quality sequences retrieved from genomic library enriched with dinucleotide repeat motifs. Microsatellites were identified in 194 (76%) of the 256 positive clones, and 64 primer pairs (pp) were successfully designed from 95 (49%) unique SSR‐containing clones. The 67.4% primer designing ability, 100% PCR amplification efficiency and 45.3% polymorphic potential in the parents of F₂ mapping population established the efficacy of genomic microsatellites. All the 64 microsatellite markers displayed high level of cross‐species amplification (~67%) in 10 millets and non‐millets species. These experimental findings suggest the utility and efficacy of SSRs in diverse genotyping applications, resolving QTLs, phylogenetic relationships and transferability in several important grass species.     

不同施氮量对谷子产量和效益的影响

摘要;以赤谷9号、赤谷10号和峰谷12为材料,研究不同的施氮量（O、150、300、450、600kg／hm2）对谷子品种产量的影响。结果表明：从产量和肥料投资的经济效益两方面考虑,3个谷子品种的产量均在施氮量为450kg／hm2时达到最高,得到的经济效益最大。     

Measuring the impact of indigenous herbivores: reply to Kerley andLandman

Pteronia paniculata is an indigenous, unpalatable shrub that invades mismanaged Karooveld, resulting in degraded rangelands with low species diversity and grazing potential. We conducted a series of trials in the Succulent Karoo Randteveld near Barrydale to determine if the uniform defoliation of P. paniculata dominated vegetation at two heights (0.05 m and 0.20 m above ground level) using a brush-cutter and, in one trial, application of a second cut will improve the plant species composition, productivity and grazing capacity of the veld. Brush-cutting treatments and the uncut control all resulted in a change in species composition towards greater species diversity and more palatable species and an average increase of 540 kg ha^?1 (28%) in above-ground biomass over four years. It appears that there was a pervasive improvement in species composition associated with a general decline in the cover and abundance of P. paniculata over the time-scale of the present study that was not influenced by the defoliation treatments, except for the 1996-cut treatment where the cover of P. paniculata increased. The absence of propagules of palatable species in the soil seed bank and competition from P. paniculata (a long-lived, perennial shrub) are assumed to be among the main reasons for the lack of response of the vegetation community to the defoliation treatments. Brush-cutting (in the absence of reseeding), aimed at reducing the dominance of unpalatable karoo shrubs, was more costly but not significantly better than long-term resting in improving veld composition or forage production.