Wheat x pearl millet hybridization: consequence and potential

Summary Eight grain pearl millet (2n=14) accessions were crossed as male to hexaploid spring wheat cv. Fukuho (2n=6x=42). An average of 80% wheat pistils showed pearl millet pollen tube entry in the ovules, compared to 56% in wheat x maize cv. Seneca 60 cross. Of the 15 embryos, obtained through in vitro immature seed culture from wheat x pearl millet crosses, 3 plantlets were produced and grown to maturity. These three were of the somatic chromosome constitution 2n=42, 21 and 22, respectively. Haploid wheat plant (2n=21) apparently originated from pearl millet chromosome elimination during embryogenesis. The 22 chromosome plant had retained a single pearl millet chromosome at tillering stage, but this chromosome was eliminated from pollen mother cells prior to and also during gamete formation. The significance and potential uses of this wide cross is discussed.     

Characterization of seed producing pearl millet x elephantgrass hexaploid hybrids

Summary Successful widespread use of a forage or biomass plant depends largely on its ease of establishment. Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is used for both forage and biomass production, due to its high dry matter production, aggressiveness, perenniality, and forage quality. However, lack of high quality seed has limited the use of elephantgrass and its hybrids to pearl millet (P. glaucum L. R.Br.). Development of a seed-propagated pearl millet x elephantgrass hexaploid cultivar, which would combine desirable characteristics from both of these species, would be highly desirable. The objectives of this study were to characterize morphological and seed-related traits from the selfed progeny of seven hexaploid hybrids, and to determine whether seed size had any influence on these traits. Traits studied included number of tillers, height, leaf length and width, panicles per plant, days to flowering, panicle length, seed set, seed production, and weight of 100 seeds. Genetic differences were found among the progeny of the seven hybrids. Differences were also found between plants derived from large- and small-seed lots within families. Plants descended from larger seed had better growth and seed-related characteristics, which resulted in more desirable plants. These hexaploid hybrids showed potential for direct seeding into the field for biomass or forage production.     

Evaluation of landrace topcross hybrids of pearl millet for arid zone environments

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) cultivars for marginal, arid environments need to combine the adaptation to stress conditions of indigenous landraces with an improved yield potential and disease resistance, to allow them to both perform well in farmers fields and to meet the requirements for cultivar release. This paper evaluates landrace-based topcross hybrids (adapted landraces crossed on high-yielding male-sterile lines), as a quick and efficient way of achieving this objective. Topcross hybrids showed a consistent increase in biomass production across all test environments, including the harsh arid zone environments. Depending upon the plant type of the male-sterile used to make the hybrid, this was expressed as increased grain yield only, or increased grain and fodder yields. The downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) reaction of the topcross hybrids was determined by the reaction of the male-sterile line used, with the resistant male-sterile producing resistant topcross hybrids and vice-versa. Topcrossing adapted landraces on high-yielding male-sterile lines thus provides an opportunity to improve disease resistance and grain and/or fodder yields, with no apparent loss of adaptation to the marginal environments in which the landraces have evolved.ICRISAT Journal Article no. 1575     

利用POX同工酶测定谷子(粟)品种对黑穗病的抗性

采用箱栽方法种植 12个抗病性不同的谷子品种 ,分析了芽苗过氧化物酶 (POX)活性及同工酶的变化。结果证明 ,对黑穗病免疫的品种接菌后POX活性平均提高 2 2 8%。越是易感病的品种接菌后POX活性提高得越多。感病品种平均提高 71 6 % ,高感品种平均提高 95 0 %。同工酶酶谱 ,免疫品种接菌后不变 ,越是易感病的品种接菌后酶谱变化越大。二维排序 ,免疫品种接菌与不接菌的两个点落在同一点上或附近 ,d值平均为 3 1。易感病品种的两点相去甚远 ,其中 ,感病品种平均d值 12 2 ;高感品种平均d值 13 2。采用芽苗POX同工酶测定谷子品种抗黑穗病性 ,简便快速     

Development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis>)

The development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) for polymorphism and transferability study was reported here. From 1213 EST sequences, 30 SSRs were obtained and primers were designed for 26 SSRs. Among them, four pairs of SSR primers amplified polymorphic products in 12 foxtail millet cultivars and one accession of Setaria viridis, a wild relative of foxtail millet, with 10 alleles detected for the four loci and 2.5 alleles per locus. In addition, ten SSR markers could be transferred to other nine Gramineae species. The putative functions of 11 ESTs containing polymorphic and transferable SSRs were also identified.     

赤霉素和脱落酸对谷子黄化幼苗中胚轴伸长生长的调节

对冀谷１１号及矮秆突变体矮宁黄、ＣＨ８４１１３黄化幼苗中胚轴伸长生长的研究发现，０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ左右的赤纱和脱落酸可显著促进谷子中胚轴的伸长，其中ＧＡ３的效应高于ＧＡ１的ＡＢＡ和ＧＡ之间有叠加效应，矮秆突变体对ＧＡ和ＡＢＡ的反应尤为敏感；Ｓ－３３０６７和高浓度的ＧＡ、ＡＢＡ抑制中胚轴的伸长，Ｓ－３３０７预处理使的效应延缓，并且使ＡＢＡ不再表现出促进效应。     

根癌农杆菌共培养转化谷子技术体系的建立

分析了影响农杆菌共培养转化谷子的因素,初步建立的谷子农杆菌共培养适宜转化体系为:以幼穗诱导的愈伤组织为转化材料,农杆菌浓度OD_(600)为0.5,已酰丁香酮为100μM,浸菌附加超声波或真空处理,22℃共培养2～3d后水洗2遍,于含羧苄西林钠和头孢唑林钠各250mg/L的0.1％甘露醇浸泡30min除菌,接于选择培养基上进行筛选并继代和再生,最后于1/2MS中生根成为完整小植株。用含Bt基因的双元裁体农杆菌LBA4404和EHA101,按所建立的转化程序,对豫谷1号、高39、鲁谷10号等优良品种的愈伤组织进行了转化。共获致密型抗性愈伤组织75个,经再生获得35株抗性植株。     

谷子主要分量的模糊聚类

主成分分析是现代数量遗传学中对品种资源分析评价的一种常用方法。因为主成分分析可以将一个多变量互相关联的资料系统转换成一组互相独立的变数,每个主成分包括一部分品种资源的遗传信息,而且其重要性可以按照顺序排列起来,这样可以用前面少数几个主成分值来代表亲本资源的基本情况,从而简化工作量。数量性状属“模糊性状”,用模糊聚类法聚类亲本比用其他聚类法要符合实际情况,所以主成分析和模糊聚类法相结合可得到科学的结论。本研究通过主成分分析选出了10个较好品种,并用模糊聚类法将45个谷子亲本聚为7类,可供谷子育种者参考     

中国北部高原地区谷子(粟)品种高产稳产性的评价

 利用回归系数法、稳定性参数法和高稳系数法 ,对我国北部高原地区新育成的 18个新品种 (系 )的高产稳产性进行了研究。结果表明 ,参试品种多数产量较高 ,占 5 5 .5 % ,但其中产量稳定性较差的占多数 ,高产稳产的品种较少 ,仅有铁 93- 115、95汾选 3和承谷 8号 ,占 16 .7% ,其余的均为低产稳产和低而不稳的类型 ,各占 2 2 .2 %。这可能与品种性状的适应性有关     

山西古代对谷子(粟)生育生态的认识与实践

根据古文献及农谚内核,讨论了山西古代对谷子生长发育、生态和遗传的认识历史。认为山西谷子栽培历史悠久,不仅栽培技术比较系统,而且理论概括亦达到相当高度。