Development of methods using phytoalexin (resveratrol) assessment as a selection criterion to screen grapevine in vitro cultures for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

Summary The purpose of this research was, firstly to determine the ability of grapevine in vitro cultures to synthesize resveratrol, a stilbene-type phytoalexin that is considered to be a good marker for resistance of grapevines to Botrytis cinerea, the causal organism for grey mould. Secondly, this study sought to establish the relationship between phytoalexin production potential and resistance to Botrytis cinerea in grapevines. In this aim, resveratrol production was assessed in 13 Vitis species or cultivars. A good correlation appeared between resveratrol production by grapevine in vitro cultures and grey mould resistance except for two Vitis spp. for which no correlation was observed, thus suggesting that resistance of grapevines may sometimes be associated with factors other than stilbene phytoalexins. In view of the results obtained, the potential use of resveratrol induction and of in vitro methods as a tool for screening grapevines for resistance to B. cinerea was discussed.     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Cultures on Growth Performance and Immunity Function of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures on growth performance and immunity function of broilers.A total of 300 one-day-old AA broilers with similar weight were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate (half male and half female).The control group was fed a basal diet;The antibiotic group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.01% chlortetracycline;The lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (L1, L2, L3) were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.16% lactic acid bacteria cultures L1, L2, L3, respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days, including two phase of days 1 to 21 (starter period) and days 22 to 42 (finisher period).The results showed as follows:From 1 to 21 days of age, ADFI of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01), the serum content of IL-2 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The indexes of spleen and thymus of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IFN-γ of broilers in antibiotic group was significantly higher than that in lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (P<0.05).From 22 to 42 days of age, ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 and group L2 were extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IgG was significantly higher than that in antibiotic group (P<0.05), Newcastle disease antibody titers in serum and the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of broilers were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);The serum content of IgA and the thymus index of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).Therefore, supplementing inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures in a diet could improve growth performance and immunity function of broilers to some extent.Among them, adding L3 was better during starter period for improving growth performance of broilers, while add L1 and L2 during finisher period.Adding L1 was better during starter period for improving immunity function of broilers, while add L2 during finisher period.     

Management styles and knowledge cultures, past, present and future, related to multiple-use and urban woodlands

This paper is based on interviews with fifteen professionals within ecology, forestry and park and landscape architecture. The interviewees are believed to have had a large influence on woodland planning in Sweden between 1950 and 2000. They have won recognition because of their ability to transform theoretical knowledge into practical action. Their work is translating theory into practice and, as such, it may be regarded as art in its deepest sense. During a long period the educational system as well as the dominating research has been concentrating on providing better facts in a search for the best knowledge, high degrees of generality and objectivity. However, this may cause many disadvantages. It has lead to a standardisation and an oversimplification of knowledge and thereby also to an oversimplification of the landscape. This study is based on a humanistic approach, on theory of knowledge, of how facts coming from the world of natural sciences can be encapsulated in daily woodland management.     

The Challenge of Ecophysiological Biodiversity for Biotechnological Applications of Marine Microalgae

In this review, we aim to explore the potential of microalgal biodiversity and ecology for biotechnological use. A deeper exploration of the biodiversity richness and ecophysiological properties of microalgae is crucial for enhancing their use for applicative purposes. After describing the actual biotechnological use of microalgae, we consider the multiple faces of taxonomical, morphological, functional and ecophysiological biodiversity of these organisms, and investigate how these properties could better serve the biotechnological field. Lastly, we propose new approaches to enhancing microalgal growth, photosynthesis, and synthesis of valuable products used in biotechnological fields, mainly focusing on culture conditions, especially light manipulations and genetic modifications.     

嘉陵江黄颡鱼养殖研究

用配合饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ和白链肉,泥鳅肉,猪肉,田螺肉等,在室内饲养黄颡鱼６０天。结果表明,６种饵料在黄颡鱼消化道中出现率,鱼体重增加率和胃,肠蛋白酶与淀粉酶活性均以配合饲料Ⅰ最高,白鲢肉次之,表明黄桑鱼具有较强的消化能力。因此,黄颡鱼可进行人工养殖。     

苦丁茶树微繁殖技术的研究

以苦丁茶树腋芽为外植体进行培养，诱导腋芽萌发，产生丛芽，同时，试管内外结合法诱导生根，并大田移栽．结果表明：ａ．初代培养以Ｂ５＋ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＧＡ３０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ固体培养基诱导腋芽萌发较好；ｂ．Ｂ５＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＧＡ３０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ固体培养基能诱导大量丛芽产生；ｃ．适当剪除叶片并去掉顶芽能促进腋芽萌发；ｄ．小苗在附加ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＩＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ，或ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＩＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的１／２ＭＴ，１／２Ｂ５培养基上培养１０～１５ｄ，插入蛭石上发根，成苗快；ｅ．土壤保湿、避免强光照，是小苗成活的关键．     

影响干制发酵香肠中生物胺积累的因素

生物胺通常是存在生物有机体中的化合物,是参与生物基本功能的主要物质。生物胺在人体中不平衡消化会产生不同的疾病(例如神经系统、胃肠系统和与血压相关的疾病)。微生物可产生大量生物胺,尤其是酪胺、苯乙胺、色胺、尸胺、丁二胺、组胺。然而,在同一种产品中胺的含量波动很大,这些不同主要依赖于一些变化,如微生物丛中半定量的组成、物理化学变化、生产过程中采取的卫生手段、前体的利用。本文着重讨论影响这些物质积累的因素,主要包括生产工序、内在的因素、在生产香肠不同阶段的促使发酵的起始物和非起始物菌群。此外,还讨论在成熟和贮存阶段微生物的作用—氨基氧化酶作为起始培养物来控制或减少生物胺的积累。     

Metabolism of imidacloprid and DDT by P450 CYP6G1 expressed in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum suggests detoxification of these insecticides in Cyp6g1-overexpressing strains of Drosophila melanogaster, leading to resistance

BACKGROUND: With the worldwide use of insecticides, an increasing number of pest insect species have evolved target-site or metabolism-based resistance towards some of these compounds. The resulting decreased efficacy of pesticides threatens human welfare by its impact on crop safety and further disease transmission. Environmental concentrations of some insecticides are so high that even natural populations of non-target, non-pest organisms such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meig. have been selected for resistance. Cyp6g1-overexpressing strains of D. melanogaster are resistant to a wide range of chemically diverse insecticides, including DDT and imidacloprid. However, up to now there has been no evidence that the CYP6G1 enzyme metabolises any of these compounds. RESULTS: Here it is shown, by heterologous expression in cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco), that CYP6G1 is capable of converting DDT (20 microg per cell culture assay) by dechlorination to DDD (18% of applied amount in 48 h), and imidacloprid (400 microg) mainly by hydroxylation to 4-hydroxyimidacloprid and 5-hydroxyimidacloprid (58 and 19% respectively in 48 h). CONCLUSION: Thus, the gap between the supposed resistance gene Cyp6g1 and the observed resistance phenomenon was closed by the evidence that CYP6G1 is capable of metabolising at least two insecticides.     

基于中西不同文化背景下的生命观探微——以挪亚方舟和大禹治水故事为例

整个人类发展的历史就是一部不断与灾难斗争,在灾难中成长的历史。面对灾难其实就是面对生命问题。洪水作为远古人类都曾面对的灾难之一,灾难背后折射的是不同民族在不同文化心理下对待生命的态度。从广为人知的基督教挪亚方舟的故事和我国大禹治水故事中可以探寻中西两大文化背景下人们的生命观。     

儒家吏治伦理与现代吏治伦理的差异刍议

古代儒家吏治伦理与现代吏治伦理的差异主要在于：父母官与人民公仆的差异,无限权力与有限权力的差异,保障官吏廉洁品质的制度约束机制的差异