Effect of high-pressure treatment on rheological,thermal and structural changes in Basmati rice flour slurry

Rheological, thermal and structural changes in high pressure (HP) treated Basmati rice flour dispersions were studied as function of pressure level (350–650 MPa), slurry concentration (with 1:5, 1:3 and 1:2 flour-to-water ratios) and holding time (7.5–15 min). Rice flour dispersions exhibited a gradual liquid–solid gel transformation as they gelatinized and/or denatured and behaved as viscoelastic fluid following HP treatment. Mechanical strength (G′) of pressurized gel increased with applied pressure and rice concentration. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms of rice slurry measured after pressure treatment indicated a reduction in peak enthalpy in proportion with the extent of gelatinization and/or denaturation of starch and proteins. Pressure-treated rice samples had a progressively lower gelatinization temperature. A 15 min pressure treatment at 550 MPa was found sufficient to complete gelatinization of protein free isolated rice starch while the slurry required 650 MPa. The presence of proteins might have been responsible for the slower starch gelatinization in the rice slurry during pressure treatment. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated some minor changes in protein subunits and secondary structure of rice protein. This study has provided complementary information on pressure-induced changes in physical (thermal stability, overall structure) and molecular level (secondary structure) of rice protein.     

机器学习用于耕地土壤有机碳空间预测对比研究——以亚热带复杂地貌区为例

耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)是土壤质量的重要指标,也是生态系统健康的重要表征。当前机器学习(Machine Learning, ML)用于SOC数字制图日益热门,但不同算法在高空间分辨率SOC数字制图中的对比研究尚有欠缺。本研究以福建省东北部复杂地形地貌区为例,采用10m空间分辨率Sentinel-2影像数据,选取地形、气候、遥感植被变量为驱动因子,重点分析当前常用的机器学习算法——支持向量机(SupportVector Machine,SVM)、随机森林(RandomForest,RF)在SOC预测中的差异,并与传统普通克里格模型(Ordinary Kriging, OK)进行比较。结果表明:基于地形、遥感植被因子和气候因子构建的RF模型表现最佳(RMSE=2.004,r=0.897),其精度优于OK模型(RMSE=4.571, r=0.623),而SVM模型预测精度相对最低(RMSE=5.190, r=0.431);3种模型预测SOC空间分布趋势总体相似,表现为西高东低、北高南低,其中RF模型呈现的空间分异信息更加精细;最优模型反演得到耕地土壤有机碳平均含量为15.33 g·kg-1; RF模型和SVM模型变量重要性程度表明:高程和降水是影响复杂地貌区SOC空间分布的重要变量,而遥感植被因子重要性程度低于高程。     

生物的进化趋势与不对称进化研究(英文)

生物进化通常呈现出从简单到复杂的进化趋势,即在地球上越晚出现的生物其结构越复杂。该研究揭示了由于生物在从同一个进化平台上演化生成的生物中,结构趋向复杂的部分所占比例远远大于结构趋向简单的部分所占比例,即不对称进化,从而导致了生物界从简单到复杂的进化趋势;还解释了不对称进化形成的原因,并列举了有关生物不对称进化的许多重要证据。     

一种全发酵复合果酒的酿造工艺研究

[目的]为陕西省苹果资源的开发利用提供新的途径。[方法]以新鲜苹果、梨为原料,研究全发酵苹果、梨复合果酒的最佳酿造工艺。[结果]初汁(苹果汁、梨汁)的配比、酵母的添加量、发酵温度S、O2的添加量均会影响全发酵苹果、梨复合果酒的品质。苹果、梨复合酒的最佳酿造工艺为:苹果汁、梨汁的配比为2∶1,SO2的添加量为40 mg/L,可溶性固形物(SSC)调至20°Bx,酵母菌的接种量为0.9 g/L,前发酵温度为20℃,发酵10 d,后发酵温度为15~18℃,发酵30 d。[结论]在最佳工艺条件下酿造出的苹果、梨复合果酒,口味纯正柔和、果香浓郁、色泽鲜亮、营养丰富,具有典型的果香和酒香,值得重点推广。     

牛粪堆肥高效降解菌的筛选及复合微生物菌剂的制备

[目的]确定最佳菌种复配比例。[方法]从牦牛粪自然堆肥中筛选菌株。以新鲜牛粪和稻壳粉为堆肥原料,以不加复合菌剂的处理为对照,将不同复合微生物菌剂以3‰的总接种量接入到堆肥中,观察不同处理对堆肥腐熟过程的影响。[结果]牦牛粪自然堆肥中的绿色木霉和米曲霉的生长速率和活性较高。绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1的处理,发酵过程中升温最快、温度最高。温度升高到55℃仅用6 d,高温维持8 d,最高温度为65.5℃。堆肥腐熟后,植物种子发芽指数为92.3%。[结论]复合微生物菌剂的最佳比例为绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1。     

Competitive interactions between juvenile trembling aspen and lodgepole pine: A comparison of two interior British Columbia ecosystems

To facilitate ecosystem-specific management of juvenile mixtures of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. Var. latifolia Engelm.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in south-central British Columbia, we compared the characteristics of pine–aspen competition between a moist sub-boreal spruce and a dry interior Douglas-fir ecosystem. A total of 252 lodgepole pine and their neighbourhoods were examined across four untreated stands, each of which was sampled three times between ages 12 and 24 years. Pine diameter and height decreased with increasing density of trembling aspen at least as tall as the target pine (tall aspen) in both ecosystems. Regression analysis was used to examine the ability of tall aspen density and four competition indices (CIs) to predict pine size. Tall aspen density, which is easily assessed in the field, accounted for 63% and 69% of the variation in pine diameter and height in 20–24 year-old stands, respectively. The most successful competition index, based on the basal diameter ratio (BDR) of trembling aspen to pine accounted for, respectively, 78% and 73% of the variation. In the same stands, R² values were 1–5% lower when tall aspen density and BDR at age 15–19 years were used to predict size of 20–24-year-old pine.     

造纸黑液复合肥在水稻上的施用效果

试验结果表明 ,施用造纸黑液复合肥可促进水稻生长 ,提高水稻产量和品质 ,增加稻田土壤肥力     

Cd与羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合胁迫下蚕豆幼苗Cd的富集与分布

纳米材料因大量开发、生产和应用不可避免地被释放到环境中,给生态环境和人体健康带来潜在的风险。因此为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)和重金属Cd双重胁迫对植物器官中Cd的富集、转运及细胞中Cd分布的影响,以及为MWCNTs-COOH与Cd复合污染对植物的毒性和生态风险性评价提供理论依据,本研究以蚕豆幼苗为试验材料,采用水培方式,设置MWCNTs-COOH(0mg·L~(-1)、1.5mg·L~(-1)、3.0mg·L~(-1)、6.0 mg·L~(-1)、12.0 mg·L~(-1))+10.0μmol·L~(-1) Cd5个处理组,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定不同处理下蚕豆幼苗根茎叶及细胞中Cd的含量,分析MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理下蚕豆幼苗营养器官对Cd的富集、转运及细胞内分布状况。结果表明:复合胁迫下,3种营养器官Cd含量均高于对照;根茎叶对Cd的富集、Cd富集系数及器官间(根-茎、茎-叶)的转移系数均随MWCNTs-COOH浓度升高呈先升高后降低趋势,当MWCNTs-COOH浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)时,以上指标均达到最大值。同时,随着MWCNTs-COOH浓度的增大,根茎叶细胞中Cd逐渐从细胞壁向原生质体转移,加深了对细胞的毒害。综上所述,中低浓度的MWCNTs-COOH不仅可促进蚕豆根茎叶对Cd的累积及向上转运,而且也能加强细胞中Cd的转移。     

复杂条件下农产品配装问题研究

结合现实中存在问题,提出货物寻车模型,再利用层次分析法求解;确定车辆后再结合农产品特性,提出考虑农产品优先系数的货物装车模型,并设计了该模型的二阶段求解,很好地解决了复杂条件下农产品配装的问题。