不同砂土和黏土比例对豫中烤烟质量特色的影响

采用池栽方法,在河南宝丰研究了不同砂土、黏土比例对烤烟质量特色的影响。结果表明:烟草各部位干物质的积累量在不同质地土壤上表现为砂质壤土(中质地)黏壤土黏土砂质壤土(粗质地),2/3砂土+1/3黏土处理的烟草各部位的干物质积累量都最大,单叶重则表现为:2/3砂土+1/3黏土1/3砂土+2/3黏土100%黏土100%砂土;烟叶的外观质量、烟叶中化学成分的协调性、香气成分及感官品质及风格特征均以2/3砂土+1/3黏土处理最优。综合来说,2/3砂土+1/3黏土,土壤砂粒比例分别达到50%,粉粒比例达到30%,黏粒比例低于20%最适宜烤烟质量及品质特征的形成。     

生态雕塑的特征及材料语言研究

新时期生存环境的破坏,带给艺术家对于新的雕塑材料与语言研究新的思考。艺术家采用各种生态、环保材料制作成雕塑艺术品,以此警醒人们对于生存环境的保护意识。生态雕塑的出现符合艺术发展的规律,对于生态雕塑材料的研究利用也是雕塑家的一种社会责任。     

Non-exchangeable potassium release and its removal in foot-hill soils of North-west Himalayas

In the present investigation, soils representing ten locations and three agro-climatic zones of foot-hills of north-west Himalayas were studied to assess Non-exchangeable Potassium (NEK) reserves, its release and influence of K-fixing capacity and clay minerals on NEK release. Maximum release of non-exchangeable K was obtained in temperate zone soils (295 mg kg^− 1) followed by intermediate zone (227 mg kg^− 1) and sub-tropical zone soils (106 mg kg^− 1), having relative soil quality index (RSQI) values of 85, 80 and 65, respectively. The quantitative analysis of clay minerals, through XRD technique, revealed that the temperate soils have more illite (averaging 62%) which holds well as a reason for high NEK reserves of 1556 mg kg^− 1 in these soils in comparison to intermediate (having illite averaging 53%) and sub-tropical (having illite averaging to 49%) soils having NEK amounting to 1022 and 918 mg kg^− 1, respectively. In order to study the NEK removal from the soils under investigation, maize was grown as a test crop and potassium was applied through four treatments having four levels of K (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg^− 1) applied as KCl. The crop demonstrated significant response in terms of dry matter yield up to 30 mg kg^− 1 in sub-tropical and intermediate soils while no such response was obtained in temperate soils. The percent NEK removed by maize crop from NEK reserves was 14, 25 and 20% in sub-tropical, intermediate and temperate soils, respectively. The information about NEK release, its removal as well as its relationship with K fixing capacity, clay minerals and RSQI can be used for understanding the K buffering potential of soils especially under adverse soil and climatic conditions that prevail in southwest India. Besides, the regression equations developed can be used for predicting NEK release on the basis of K fixing capacity and clay mineralogical composition.     

不同改性黏土矿物吸附净化磷污染水体的性能比较

比较了酸、热及其复合改性对凹凸棒石黏土、膨润土和高岭土等3种黏土矿物吸附净化不同程度磷污染水体能力的影响。结果发现,2%浓度酸处理、300℃热活化及酸热复合改性均可以显著提高凹凸棒石黏土的磷吸附净化能力,且以复合改性效果最好,Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水的磷去除率均比原土提高30%以上;酸、热改性均能显著提高膨润土的磷吸附净化能力,但综合不同程度磷污染水体来看,热活化略优于酸改性,但酸热复合改性没有呈现更佳的效果;热改性显著提高高岭土的磷吸附净化能力,而酸改性却不同程度地降低了高岭土的磷吸附净化能力,酸热复合改性的效果亦不如热单独改性。结果表明,在针对不同程度磷污染水体时需根据黏土矿物特性选用酸处理、热活化或酸热复合改性方法来提高污水的吸附净化效率。     

单颗粒表面分维数学模型构建及其应用研究——以华南地区5种土壤颗粒为例

构建了单颗粒表面分维数学模型,并以高精度数字光学显微系统为基础,测算了5种土壤颗粒样品的单颗粒表面分维,形成了一套简约的单颗粒表面分维分析方法。并且,文章首次提出表面分维"中位维"的概念,用以表征颗粒群平均表面分维的大小,并验证了将"中位维"作为颗粒群粗糙度的合理性。     

The Beauty from the Sculpture Style of Buildings

Both the sculpture and architecture belong to plastic art. They involve three-dimensionality, space and object. Connecting the two arts, the sculpture style of buildings shows a special kind of beauty. In this paper, mainly four aspects of how to create the sculptural beauty of buildings are analyzed: repeating and changing gradually; contrasting and omitting; destructing and rebuilding; lighting sense and moving sense.     

Genesis and micromorphology of loess-derived soils from central Kansas

The genesis and micromorphology of three Harney soils from different precipitation regions (from 540 mm to 715 mm) (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiustolls) in the Smoky Hills of central Kansas were investigated. The objectives were to (1) examine the morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of Harney soils formed in loess; (2) determine the clay mineral distribution with depth and the origin of the clay minerals present; and (3) investigate the relationship between the clay mineralogy and other soil properties such as soil plasmic fabric, COLE values and fine clay/total clay ratios. Mineralogical and micromorphological techniques were used to evaluate the characteristics of the loess-derived soils. The first pedon was formed in 88 cm of Bignell loess over Peoria loess and the other two pedons were formed from Peoria loess. The chemical properties were similar for the pedons studied. Differences were observed in physical properties, especially in particle size distribution, oven-dry bulk density and coefficient of linear extensibility values. Although the soils were mapped in the same soil series, the geomorphic positions of the pedons and the nature of the parent material affected the characteristics of the soils. Smectite was the predominant clay mineral, especially in the fine clay fraction, regardless of the location in the precipitation gradient. The dominance of smectite increased in the C-horizons. This implies a detrital source of smectite in the B-horizons formed in both Bignell and Peoria loess units. The presence of randomly interstratified mica-smectite and the micromorphological observations of weathering biotite indicate that weathering also plays an important role in the mineralogy of Harney soils. The high content of clay mica in the surface horizons was caused by dust fall in the study area. Thick and continuous argillans were observed when FC/TC and COLE values were low and crystalline smectite was present. In the lower part of the soil profiles, the plasmic fabric was mostly ma-skelsepic (granostriated b-fabric) and smectite was more crystalline as indicated by sharper X-ray diffraction peaks.     

有机修饰(土娄)土对CrO_4~(2-)吸附特征的初步研究

以CTMAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)单一修饰和CTMAB SDS(十二烷基磺酸钠)混合修饰土耕层、粘化层土样,从修饰比例、土层、温度角度探讨了有机修饰土对CrO42-的平衡吸附特征。结果表明,各供试土样中CrO42-平衡吸附量均随CrO42-平衡浓度增高而增大,有机修饰土对CrO42-的吸附等温线呈现L型等温线形式,原土土样的吸附等温线基本上类似于S型吸附等温线形式,两层次各土样对CrO42-的吸附量呈现100CB>120CS>50CB>CK的顺序(100,120,50分别表示修饰比例为100,100 20,50;CB为CTMAB修饰;CS为CTMAB SDS修饰;CK为未修饰原土);随着平衡浓度的增大,耕层原土对CrO42-的吸附能力增加较快而粘化层原土增加较慢,土粘化层修饰土样对CrO42-的平衡吸附量均高于土耕层土样,但修饰比例增高导致两层次土样对CrO42-吸附亲和力的差异减小;未修饰原土对CrO42-吸附呈现增温效应,粘化层CK土样增温效应高于耕层CK土样,表明增温促进粘粒矿物对CrO42-的专性吸附。随平衡浓度的增大,修饰土样CrO42-吸附温度效应比值均变化不大,耕层各修饰土样对CrO42-吸附呈现增温负效应,而粘化层修饰土样对CrO42-吸附的温度效应则与修饰剂和修饰比例有关。     

Using a global VNIR soil-spectral library for local soil characterization and landscape modeling in a 2nd-order Uganda watershed

Combining global soil-spectral libraries with local calibration samples has the potential to provide improved visible and near-infrared (VNIR, 400–2500 nm) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) soil characterization predictions than with either global or local calibrations alone. In this study, a geographically diverse “global” soil-spectral library with 4184 samples was augmented with up to 418 “local” calibration soil samples distributed across a 2nd-order Ugandan watershed to predict the amount of clay-size material (CLAY), soil organic carbon (SOC) and proportion of expansible 2:1 clays (termed “montmorillonite” or MT in the global library). Stochastic gradient boosted regression trees (BRT) were employed for model construction, with a variety of calibration and validation schemes tested. Using the global library combined with 13- and 14-fold cross-validation by local profile for CLAY and SOC, respectively, yielded dambo/upland RMSD values of 89/68 g kg^− 1 for CLAY (N = 429/410) and 4.2/2.6 g kg^− 1 for SOC (N = 272/105). These results were obtained despite the challenge of combining spectral libraries constructed using different spectroradiometers and laboratory reference measurements (total combustion vs. Walkley–Black, hydrometer vs. pipette). Using only the global library, a VNIR-derived index of MT content was significantly correlated with the square root of X-ray diffraction (XRD) MT peak intensity for local dambo soils (r² = 0.52, N = 59, p < 0.0001), an acceptable result given the semi-quantitative nature of the reference XRD method. Though VNIR predictions did not approach laboratory precision, for soil-landscape modeling VNIR characterization worked remarkably well for clay mineralogy, was adequate for mapping dambo “depth to 35% clay”, and was insufficiently accurate for SOC mapping.     

Clay coatings formation in tepetates from Texcoco, Mexico

Tepetates are common in the Mexican highlands, and are classified as fragipan, duripan, pedosediments or saprolite. A common feature is the abundance of clay coatings. Three pedons with red tepetate and grey tepetate were selected at different altitudes and slopes in a small watershed in Texcoco, Mexico. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analyses were carried out in soil, tepetate and separated clay coatings. Clay illuviation and neoformation indexes were calculated using micromorphometric techniques. Red tepetate is composed of basic volcanic glass dust (andesitic vitric tuff), and has a high clay neoformation and illuviation index. In contrast, grey tepetate is composed of acid volcanic glass (acid vitric tuff) and only clay neoformation takes place, leading to the formation of a clayey soil. Although all the tepetates were subject to pedogenesis, the intensity and variation of the processes increases on the lower slope and different diagnostic horizons are formed, due to tepetate erosion. The laterally running waters containing suspensions of particles and soluble silica were deposited or precipitated in sediments or tepetates on the lower slopes, giving rise to compound coatings. These processes must be older than 20,000 years. Tepetates from Texcoco present several variants which were recognised since pre-Hispanic times.