贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤序列矿物组成变化

阐明土壤中矿物随时间变化的机制是理解矿物风化和土壤发育的基础。利用X射线衍射法对贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤矿物组成随成土作用时间变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,冰川退缩区成土母质的矿物组成同质性较高,以硅酸盐矿物为主(约90%),包括:斜长石(28.5%)、石英(24.5%)、黑云母、钾长石、普通辉石、角闪石、绿泥石、蛭石;并有少量碳酸盐矿物,如方解石(8%)、白云石(2.3%);以及磷酸盐矿物磷灰石(2.1%)。退缩区土壤的矿物组成总体呈新发育土壤特征,随着成土年龄的增加,方解石逐渐被风化成为草酸钙石,角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和绿泥石含量逐渐降低,长英质矿物的相对含量有所增加。成土作用中矿物组成的变化受植被原生演替和土壤p H的影响,快速发育的植被导致土壤p H迅速降低,风化程度增强。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

华北平原农田生态系统土壤C、N净矿化及尿素转化研究

以华北平原区4个农田生态系统[京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)和河北栾城(LF)、河北南皮(NF)、山东惠民(HF)3个粮田]为研究对象,采用室内好气、恒温、避光条件下培养30.d,对比研究了不同海拔和不同农业扰动强度下的农田生态系统中耕层(020.cm)土壤的净N矿化、净硝化、净C矿化以及尿素的转化,旨在探索人类农业扰动强度和地理海拔对土壤供N潜力和尿素N转化的影响。结果表明,4个地区的土壤供N潜力分别为:14.4、13.2,17.7和16.5.mg/kg,说明高度熟化的华北区农田土壤供N潜力相对稳定。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚和以施用化肥为主的粮田对土壤供N没有显著影响。农田土壤净矿化后的供N形式主要是NO3--N。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚积累了较高的土壤有机质和全N,但是土壤净C矿化以及施用尿素后CO2的排放量均低于以施用化肥为主的粮田。尿素在各区域农田土壤中水解转化后均主要以NO3--N形式存在,NO3--N占尿素水解后无机N增量的98%9～9%;华北平原农田生态系统施入尿素态N.30d后,水解成有效态无机N的转化率为63.4%8～3.2%,即每克尿素态N在京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)、栾城高产农田(LF)、南皮农田(NF)和惠民农田(HF)土壤中转化为NO3--N的量分别为0.69、0.82、0.64和0.63.g/kg,同时可使相应区域农田的CO2排放量分别增加CO21.20、1.360、.67和1.58.g/kg。     

蒸发条件下粘土层对土壤水和溶质运移影响的模拟

以土壤水和溶质运移的动力学原理为基础 ,采用数值模拟方法 ,研究了在浅层地下水和蒸发条件下含有粘土层土壤的水和Cl-的运移状况 ,重点探讨了两种粘土的层位和层厚对水和Cl-运移影响的差别及原因。研究结果表明 ,粘土层对土壤的水和溶质运移影响的程度 ,与层状土壤中该粘土及其组合土壤的水力学性质有关。本文模拟的重粘土 (简称Y粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,其基本情况为 ,随粘土层层位的升高和层厚加大 ,土壤水分蒸发和地下水补给速率降低 ,Cl-积累减少。而轻粘土 (简称R粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,由于它们的导水率曲线在压力水头h约 - 10 0 0cm处相交 ,当h低于此值时 ,R粘土的导水率就大于轻壤土的。因此 ,蒸发、补给速率和Cl-积累强度出现以顶位最高 ,甚至高于均质轻壤土 ,其次为底位 ,最低为中部层位的现象。在蒸发条件下Cl-在剖面中的积聚部位主要是土表。粘土层的存在 ,起到了阻滞作用 ,而阻滞程度则与该粘土水力学性质、层位、厚度和地下水埋深有关     

长期水旱轮作条件下紫色土养分供应能力的研究

通过10年稻—麦水旱轮作定位试验,研究了紫色土生产力以及N、P、K自然供应能力和变化。结果表明,在水旱轮作下,紫色土对稻、麦产量的地力贡献率平均为58%和51%,肥料的增产贡献率可达42%～49%。紫色土N、P、K养分自然供给力在小麦上分别为60%、70%、91%,在水稻上分别为70%、90%、92%,小麦对肥料的依赖性高于水稻;N、P、K养分的自然供应量在小麦上分别为37.1、5.4、45.9kg.hm2,在水稻上分别为81.8、13.6、103.0kg.hm2。随着试验年份的延长,旱作季节紫色土N、P、K养分的供应能力逐年降低,水作季节N、P、K供应力则相对稳定,旱作对地力的消耗比水作大。环境输入的养分在维持水田稳定供肥能力发挥了重要作用。紫色土这种基础养分供给力可维持每年生产小麦1.4t.hm2、稻谷3.5t.hm2左右。     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.     

共培养对土壤重金属污染植物修复的调控作用

A co-culture of two plant materials, Astragalus sinicus L., a leguminous plant with concomitant nodules, and Elsholtzia splendens Naki-a Cu accumulator, along with treatments of a chelating agent (EDTA), root excretions (citric acid), and a control with E. splendens only were used to compare the mobility of heavy metals in chelating agents with a co-culture and to determine the potential for co-culture phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The root uptake for Cu, Zn, and Pb in all treatments was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control treatment. However with translocation in the shoots, only Cu, Zn, and Pb in plants grown with the EDTA treatment and Zn in plants co-cropped with the A. sinicus treatment increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, when a co-culture in soils with heavy and moderate contamination was compared, for roots in moderately contaminated soils only Zn concentration was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of heavily contaminated soils, however, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations of shoots were all significantly lower (P < 0.05). Overall, this "co-culture engineering" could be as effective as or even more effective than chelating agents, thereby preventing plant metal toxicity and metal leaching in soils as was usually observed in chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.     

棉秆/聚丙烯薄膜定向复合板的制备工艺优化

为了有效利用棉秆资源,该文以长棉秆束为基体,以等规聚丙烯薄膜为填充材料,热压制备了棉秆/聚丙烯薄膜定向复合板。采用单因素和正交试验分析了薄膜质量分数、热压温度、热压时间和密度对复合板力学和吸水性能的影响,得到较优热压工艺参数为:薄膜质量分数15%,热压温度185℃,热压时间15 min,密度0.7 g/cm3。在此条件下,复合板的静曲强度为60.60 MPa,弹性模量为5074.4 MPa,内结合强度为1.48 MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为2.53%。用扫描电子显微镜观察到复合板中棉秆纤维和塑料薄膜接合界面存在机械互锁结构。该研究可为有效利用农作物秸秆制备定向复合板提供参考。     

基于Radarsat-2影像的复杂种植结构下旱地作物识别

为提高基于Radarsat-2旱地作物识别的精度,该文研究了一种复杂种植结构背景下具有共同生长期作物的识别方法。研究区为一个12 km×12 km的样方,位于内蒙古上库力农场额很队,以春小麦、油菜2种共同生长期作物为识别对象,利用Spot-6影像和Radarsat-2影像,在数据预处理的基础上分析研究区内典型地物样本的后向散射系数在不同极化波段上的变化特征,根据该变化特征设计图像增强算法,然后基于图像增强后的影像设定合理的阈值实现作物识别提取。结果表明：该方法准确识别并有效提取了共同生长期作物春小麦和油菜的种植面积,总体精度达到97%,Kappa系数为0.96。该方法简便、快捷、可靠,为春小麦、油菜等旱地共同生长期作物种植面积提取提供重要的科学技术支撑。     

The relationship between salmonid fish densities and critical ANC at exceeded and non-exceeded stream sites in Scotland

The critical load concept is now accepted throughout Europe as a means of estimating the sensitivity of key components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric inputs of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N). Current UK freshwater maps, based on steady-state water chemistry, are derived using a critical acid neutralising capacity (ANC_LIM) value of zero eql^–1, which is based on the probability of occurrence of salmonid fish in lakes. In practice most acidification damage to salmonid fish occurs in nursery streams at the emergence and first feeding stages. In general a clear relationship exists between salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) densities in Scottish streams and ANC values. However, differences between sites depend on which ANC value is used (eg maximum, minimum or mean). By contrast, when the exceedance of critical loads is compared with salmonid densities the relationship is less clear because many exceeded sites have good salmonid densities. Many of these latter sites are found in north-west Scotland where sea-salt inputs are high and ANC is usually greater than zero eql^–1, although diatom-based studies indicated slight acidification of these waters, with a point of change in diatom flora close to ANC=20 eql^–1. These false exceedances are probably due to preferential adsorption of acidic SO₄ deposition which results in an overestimate of exceedance values. All sites with a mean ANC 0 are fishless but some sites with negative minimum ANC values had normal salmonid densities. Consequently a mean ANC_LIM value of zero in the critical load equations for UK freshwaters appears to be too low to protect salmonid stocks. Values between 20–50 eql^–1 represent a more realistic range if prevention of long term damage to salmonid stocks is to be achieved.