1日龄火鸡新城疫免疫后外周血液的免疫学变化

应用ＮＤ来活苗与弱毒苗联合及单独弱毒苗对１日龄火鸡进行早期免疫，于第６０日进行ＮＤ强毒攻击。分别在第７、１４、２１、３５和日龄检测外周血液的免疫学变化。结果表明，１日龄火鸡疫苗接种后其外周血液中Ｔ细胞、Ｂ淋巴细胞和淋巴细胞数量、血清ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ含量及ＨＩ抗体滴度均明显升高，可获得良好的免疫保护效应，其中活苗与死苗联合免疫组优于单独活苗免疫组。     

Breed and Management Interaction for Production and Reproduction in Swedish Dairy Cows

The effects of grazing during summer and possible interaction effects between breed and management system on milk production and postpartum reproductive performance were studied in 93 Swedish Red and White (SRB), Swedish Holstein (SLB) and Swedish Jersey (SJB) cows with 214 initiated lactations. The cows were divided into two groups: zero-grazing with tiestalls, or grazing during summer. Effects were studied by mixed-model analysis. The results indicated that grazing (rather than zero-grazing) can reduce the milk yield in the following lactation in SLB cows, whereas it had little effect on the production of SRB cows. Grazing SJB cows produced more milk, but with a significantly lower fat content. Grazing before or during the postpartum period stimulated reproductive performance, indicating a higher conception rate in all breeds and a 13-27-day shorter interval from calving to conception in the SRB and SLB cows, whereas in the limited number of SJB cows, the trend was the converse.     

Late Holocene land use at Orstad, Jæren, southwestern Norway, evidence from pollen analysis and soil micromorphology

Pollen analysis was combined with radiocarbon dating, physical, chemical and biological soil analyses and soil micromorphology, to investigate the prehistoric land use at Orstad, in Jæren, southwestern Norway.Orstad is an Early Bronze Age clearance cairn field in a cultural landscape with traces of land use back to the Neolithic. Samples were mainly collected from an 84 m long excavated trench with mainly podzolic soils. Although pollen preservation was poor, it was possible to differentiate five phases in the local vegetation and land use history. Human impact on the site could be traces back to about 4400–4000 BP uncal./3045–2600 cal. BC. Wheat and barley have been cultivated at Orstad during a period from ca. 3600 BP uncal./1945–1750 cal. BC until the Older Iron Age, when heather vegetation began to spread on the site.Soil micromorphology revealed different soil management practices for this time period: The soils seem to have been cleared by fire, prior to cultivation until ca. 3200 BP uncal./1610–1455 cal. BC. Then, new cultivation fields were laid out on higher levels, and seem to have been improved by adding of organic materials, mainly turves taken from podzolic top soils and peats from nearby localities.     

长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）遗传多样性的PCR-RFLP分析

对长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA控制区（D-Loop区）和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因进行PCR扩增,扩增片段用10种限制性内切酶酶切。PCR-RFLP研究结果表明,D-Loop区和Cytb基因均未表现出个体之间的长度变异现象。10种核酸内切限制酶中,有2种对Cytb基因有酶切位点,有3种对D-Loop区有酶切位点。有酶切位点的5种限制性内切酶共检测到3种线粒体DNA单倍型。在Cytb基因检测到铜鱼个体间的变异,在D-Loop区没有检测到铜鱼个体间的变异。长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA单倍型多样性指数（h）为0.6071,线粒体DNA遗传多样性较低。     

Effects of Rice Husk Powder on Performance,Body Size Traits,Internal Organs Development and Economic Benefit of Young Turkey

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of adding rice husk powder on the growth performance, body size traits, development of internal organs and economic benefits of young turkey. 180 young turkeys with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with each group having 5 replicates, each replicate of 10 birds. The control group was fed with basal diet, the experimental group was fed with basal diet added rice husk powder. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference in avarage daily feed intake (ADFI) between control group and experimental group (P>0.05).Compared with control group, the body weight and avarage daily weight gain (ADG) of the birds in experimental group increased extremely significantly (P<0.01), while the ratio of feed intake and daily weight gain (F/G) decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01); The heart weight of the birds tended to increase (P=0.09), whereas the proventriculus weight significantly increased (P<0.05), and the gizzard weight extremely significantly increased (P<0.01) in experimental group. There were no significant differences in body size traits, organ index, intestinal weight and length of the birds between control group and experimental group (P>0.05). The economic benefit of each bird in experimental group at 56 days of age was increased by 39.4% compared with control group (P<0.05). In summary, adding rice husk powder in young turkey's diets could improve the growth performance and the economic benefits of turkey.     

Effects of Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Levels on Turkey Performance from Hatch to Marketing

Two experiments were conducted with growing turkeys from hatch to market examining the performance at various dietary energy and amino acid (AA) levels as well as the relationship between energy and essential amino acids at these energy levels. The results of the first experiment indicated that increasing ME alone improved feed efficiency (FE); however, it did not affect BW in either toms or hens. In addition, increasing ME alone resulted in better regulation of caloric intake (CI) in toms than in hens. The caloric efficiency (CE) (BW/CI) improved with the higherenergy diets. In a second experiment both AA and ME levels were changed. Using 95% of NRC amino acid levels depressed performance, whereas turkeys receiving 105 and 110% of the recommended AA levels had improved BW and FE until 6 wk. From 7 to 19 wk, increasing dietary AA levels decreased feed intake (FI). Increasing both AA and ME together did not, in all cases, produce the same effect as altering their levels independently.     

英国布特(BUT)火鸡血液生理生化指标的研究

以 2 0只肉用型英国布特火鸡为材料 ,测定了红细胞、白细胞及其分类、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞脆性、血沉、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白及血浆无机盐钾、钠、钙、氯等2 3项血液指标值。按统计学原理进行分析 ,并对总体正常值范围进行估计 ,获得了肉用型火鸡血液生理生化指标的参考值 ,为肉用型火鸡的生物学种质特性研究及疾病的临床诊断提供了基础资料。     

The development of injurious pecking in a commercial turkey facility

Injurious pecking is considered a major economic concern and affects all sectors of commercial poultry production. Though extensive research has been performed examining feather pecking in layer chickens, little information exists regarding feather or head pecking behavior in domestic turkey flocks, and less still in commercial settings. The objective of the present field study was to examine the development of injurious feather and head pecking in tom turkeys raised in 2 different commercial environments. At a commercial facility, 49,332 beak-conditioned tom turkeys were placed in 8 barns (5,000–7,500 turkeys/barn) and studied through 16 wk of age. Approximately half were housed in control barns in March 2010; these barns were environmentally controlled (artificial light and tunnel ventilation) in both rearing and growing, with a density of 0.16 m²/bird for rearing through 4.5 wk and 0.39 m²/bird for growing through 16 wk. The remaining turkeys were housed in curtain-sided barns in April 2010; the 4 rearing barns were environmentally controlled with a density of 0.10 m²/bird, whereas the 4 growing barns had natural light and ventilation and a density of 0.36 to 0.38 m²/bird through 16 wk. Two barns from each growing environment were provided with multicolored plastic balls as enrichment. Each housing and enrichment combination had 2 replicate barns. Behavior, weights, and feather condition were assessed every 3 wk. Mortalities and culls were recorded as they occurred. Turkeys in curtain-sided barns had worse feather condition and more culls and mortalities with severe pecking injuries compared with those in control barns. In both environments, severe and gentle pecking was observed throughout production, and the majority of culls and mortalities had severe pecking injuries. More controlled studies are needed to parse the causal factors of injurious pecking in toms.     

Changes in Soil pH and Extractable Phosphorus Following Application of Turkey Manure Incinerator Ash and Triple Superphosphate

During the incineration of turkey manure, a wide variety and concentration of nutrients are conserved in the turkey manure ash (TMA). In particular, the high concentration of citrate-soluble phosphorus (P) (43 g kg^?1) may make it a suitable P source for crop production. The ash is alkaline with a pH of 12.2. We conducted a soil incubation study using a low-P soil with a pH of 6.2 to evaluate the effects of TMA on soil pH and extractable P. Two TMA rates, based on citrate-soluble P (10.9 and 21.9 mg kg^?1), were compared with equivalent rates of triple superphosphate (TSP). In addition, a 0-P control was included. At the rates tested, TMA slightly increased soil pH, but this increase would be of minor agronomic importance. At equivalent P rates, changes in water-soluble P (WSP) concentrations with TMA and TSP were similar. Changes in iron-oxide-strip–extractable P (FeO P) and Bray 1 P concentrations were greater with TMA than with TSP. In contrast, changes in Olsen P concentrations were greater with TSP than with TMA for up to 32 days. For TMA, the ability of the tests to extract P was ranked, from highest to lowest, as Bray 1 P > FeO P > Olsen P > WSP, and for TSP they were ranked Bray 1 P ≥ Olsen P ≥ FeO P > WSP. However, the Bray 1 P and FeO P tests tended to overestimate plant-available P because they measured more citrate-soluble P than that added with TMA. We conclude that TMA can be used as a P source for crop production and that the Olsen test may provide a better estimate of plant-available P in TMA-amended soil.