生物农药和生化复配制剂防治设施秋番茄温室白粉虱效果研究

为减轻设施秋番茄温室白粉虱发生危害,减少化学农药用量、残留和环境污染,采用测报调查、随机区组设计和统计分析等方法,开展了生物农药阿维菌素 赤.吲乙.芸苔(碧护)和苦参碱 碧护和生化复配制剂甲维盐 碧护防治设施秋番茄温室白粉虱农药田间药效试验。结果表明,在温室大棚秋季番茄白粉虱发生较重情况下,每hm2用1.8%阿维菌素EC375g 碧护600g、1.5%苦参碱SL4500mL 碧护600g和生化复配制剂5.7%甲维盐SG450g 碧护600g,7天施药1次,连续施用4次,药后10天、17天、26天和35天,防治效果均在81%、83%、85%和81%以上,且药后10天和17天甲维盐 碧护与阿维菌素 碧护、阿维菌素 碧护与苦参碱 碧护差异不显著,甲维盐 碧护显著高于苦参碱 碧护。阿维菌素 碧护、苦参碱 碧护和甲维盐 碧护不仅可以作为防治设施番茄温室白粉虱的理想药剂,而且可以作为现代农业示范区、无公害农产品、绿色农产品和有机农产品防治温室白粉虱的理想药剂。     

Variation in Selenium Tolerance,Accumulation, and Growth Parameters of Different Wheat Cultivars

In a greenhouse experiment, wheat cultivars PDW 291, PBW 550, and TL 2908 were grown in alkaline sandy-loam soil treated with sodium selenate at 0, 2, and 4 mg selenium (Se) kg^?1 soil. Selenate-treated wheat plants accumulated greater Se in roots, stems, leaves, and grains and showed growth retardation, snow-white chlorosis, decreased shoot length and chlorophyll, and reduced leaf area and produced less number of grains as compared to control plants. Maximum reduction in these parameters was observed in selenate-treated TL 2908 plants and most of the plants died before maturity with almost no grain formation with 4 mg Se kg^?1 soil. Selenium accumulation resulted in decreased reducing sugar, starch, and protein contents in grains whereas total free amino acids increased significantly in all the three cultivars. Selenium accumulation in wheat showed metabolic disturbances and its accumulation in grains was beyond toxic levels, thus making it unfit for consumption.     

日粮添加矿源性黄腐酸对肉鸭生产性能和生化指标的影响

[目的]研究矿源性黄腐酸(Fulvic acid,FA)对肉鸭生产性能的影响。[方法]选取1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭480只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分为4组,对照组、试验组Ⅰ、试验组Ⅱ、试验组Ⅲ分别饲喂含0、0.25‰、0.50‰和0.75‰的矿源性FA的玉米-豆粕型饲粮,研究矿源性黄腐酸对肉鸭生产性能的影响。[结果]饲粮添加不同比例的FA对肉鸭全试验期的体重、增重、采食量和料重比没有显著影响(P0.05),但对个别周龄的体重、采食量和料重比有显著的影响(P0.05);FA对血清总蛋白浓度没有显著影响(P0.05),试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ尿素氮浓度显著大于其他2组(P0.05),尿酸浓度随着饲粮中FA含量的增加而显著增加(P0.05),而试验组Ⅰ尿酸浓度显著低于其他组(P0.05);FA对粪中的尿素氮和尿酸含量有显著影响(P0.05),随着肉鸭日粮FA含量的增加,排泄物中尿酸和尿素氮的含量显著降低(P0.05)。[结论]肉鸭饲粮中添加黄腐酸钾能够提高饲料氮的利用率,生产中肉鸭饲粮中的FA含量以0.75‰为宜。     

Preclinical toxicity and safety evaluation of Althaea officinalis L. extract as naturopathic medicine in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Hematological and biochemical study

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of marshmallow extract (Althaea officinalis L.) administration on blood cells and biochemical parameters of carp liver. A total of 150 carps (Cyprinus carpio, initial body mass of 37.7 ± 4.4 g) were fed diets containing 0.0 (control diet), 2.5, 5, and 10 g marshmallow extract for 60 days. On days 30 and 60 of the experiment blood samples were collected and hematological parameters and liver enzyme activities—aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)—were measured. No significant difference was found (p > .05) in red blood cells (RBC); hemoglobin concentration (Hb); hematocrit (Htc); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH); or the percentage of neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils in fish fed with different concentrations of marshmallow extract on days 30 and 60. However, the white blood cell (WBC) count was increased significantly in the fish fed for 60 days with feed supplemented with 5 g marshmallow extract (p < .05). The MCHC was increased signi?cantly in ?sh fed with diets supplemented with 2.5 g marshmallow extract for 60 days (p < .05). Administration of marshmallow extract (5 g) significantly increased (p < 0.05) lymphocytes on days 30 and 60. However, dietary intake of 10 g marshmallow extract had significantly decreased the monocyte percentage after 60 days. A significant increase was observed in AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH levels in livers of fish fed with extract 10 g, which may be attributed to cytotoxicity. However, marshmallow extract 2.5 and 5 g did not have adverse effects on liver enzymes. These results indicate that preclinical dietary supplementations of 2.5 and 5 g marshmallow extract per kg diet have no side effects on common carp.     

玉米对南方锈病抗性的生化基础研究

以4个对南方锈病表现不同抗性水平的玉米自交系为材料,5叶期接种后,测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性以及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量的变化,分析其与抗南方锈病的关系。结果表明,自交系抗性水平与苗期发病率呈负相关;除脯氨酸含量外,其他生化指标均在自交系间、处理间和不同检测时间点间存在显著差异。苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶活性在接菌后明显提高,抗病自交系酶活高峰出现早,酶活性升高幅度大于感病自交系;在抗病自交系中,超氧化歧化酶活性在接种后早期上升快,活性高;在感病自交系中,超氧化歧化酶活性在接种后期表现明显升高。叶片组织中可溶性糖含量与感病程度相关,南方锈病属高糖病害;可溶性蛋白含量下降,抗病自交系中含量降低速度和幅度都大于感病自交系。运用最优曲线回归拟合,接菌后1 d苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶活性变化量、可溶性糖含量变化量等指标与玉米苗期的发病率呈显著或极显著相关。     

寒地水稻应用生物增温剂抗低温育苗研究

为探讨生物增温技术在水稻抗低温育苗中的应用效果,以‘空育131’为供试水稻品种,通过田间小区实验（苗床和水田2个部分）,研究了酿热物基础上施用不同剂量生物增温剂（一种微生物发酵复合菌群）对水稻苗床温度、秧苗素质以及栽后水稻的生育期和产量性状的影响。结果表明,较酿热物育苗相比,增施生物增温剂后可显著提高苗床温度,改善秧苗素质,促进水稻早熟,达到增产、增收的目的,其中以中等剂量（2.5 kg/100 m2）生物增温剂处理效果最好：增产8.8%,增收2110元/hm2。     

进食栗山天牛粉对小鼠血生化指标的影响

为了研究栗山天牛(Mallambyx raddei Blessig)的食用安全性和功能特性,促进天牛防治,分别将栗山天牛粉按12.5％、25.0％、50.0％、100.0％比例制成鼠粮饲喂体质量(22.50+1.70)g KM小鼠,以不加天牛粉为对照,喂养4周后测小鼠血生化指标结果显示:小鼠进食饲粮天牛粉比例大于50％...     

美洲鲥应激反应机理的研究

将美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)1龄幼鱼捕捞后放入较小容器中,研究了美洲鲥出现应激反应后血液生理生化指标和血清中皮质醇激素的变化,探讨了应激机理.结果表明:与深度麻醉的对照相比,美洲鲥应激后血液中红细胞数目、血红蛋白含量极显著降低(P<0.01),血细胞比容显著降低(P<0.05),红细胞沉降率、红细胞渗透脆性极显著增加(P<0.01);血清皮质醇含量迅速增加到对照组的48倍左右;应激后总蛋白、球蛋白含量均极显著降低(P<0.01),白蛋白显著降低(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、胆碱酯酶极显著增加(P<0.01),谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、血糖、甘油三酯显著增加(P<0.05),血清中肌酸和尿素氮无显著变化(P>0.05).血液生理生化指标明显变化表明,美洲鲥应激后皮质醇含量迅速增加,引起机体血液中血糖和乳酸脱氢酶的增加,导致了机体缺氧,出现了应激性急性出血.     

大额牛血液生化指标的研究

以30头大额牛和30头文山高峰牛为材料,测定了肌酐、总蛋白、白蛋白等14项血液生化指标值,并对部分指标进行了统计学分析。结果发现:肌酐、尿素水平在种内不因性别有明显差异(P>0.05),种间同性别间差异显著(P<0.05);大额牛血糖水平显著高于文山高峰牛(P<0.05),且大额牛公牛明显高于母牛,其它指标间没有显著差异。     

商城肥鲵的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分分析

[目的]研究商城肥鲵的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分,为商城肥鲵营养生理生态研究提供基础资料。[方法]用生化分析方法测定了商城肥鲵的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分。[结果]商城肥鲵的含肉率雌性为54.93%、雄性为55.84%,肌肉含蛋白质雌性为15.44%、雄性为15.67%,总糖雌性为1.70%、雄性为1.89%,脂肪雌性为0.68%、雄性为0.53%。商城肥鲵肌肉中18种氨基酸总量为12.72%(鲜重),其中8种必需氨基酸量为4.68%;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为72.68,限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸。商城肥鲵肌肉中包含11类脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量(80.02%)远大于饱和脂肪酸含量(19.98%)。[结论]商城肥鲵属于低脂肪高蛋白的营养类型,是一种可贵的野生自然资源。