日粮ADF水平对生长肉兔氮平衡、免疫及消化酶活性的影响

选用100只体重相近的35日龄断奶新西兰肉兔,随机分为5组,分别饲喂5种酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)水平(13%、16%、19%、22%和25%)的日粮,探讨我国生长肉兔适宜的ADF需要量。结果表明:日粮ADF水平对2月龄肉兔氮沉积、氮表观消化率和利用率影响显著(P<0.05),对可消化氮及可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率无显著影响(P>0.05)。随ADF水平升高,试兔胸腺指数先增加后降低(P>0.05),脾脏指数呈不断增大趋势(P>0.05)。日粮ADF水平对十二指肠淀粉酶和盲肠纤维素酶活性影响显著(P<0.05),对胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合分析,断奶至2月龄肉兔适宜的ADF水平为19%。     

Nutritive quality and morphological development under partial shade of some forage species with agroforestry potential

The shade environment produced in agroforestry practices affects the morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of intercropped forages and, therefore, may affect forage quality. During the summer-fall growing season of 1994 and 1995, 30 forage cultivars were grown in 7.6 L (two gallon) pots in full sun, 50%, and 80% shade created by placing shade cloth over a greenhouse frame. Fifteen legumes and grasses that were similar in yield under full sun and shade treatments were selected for quality analysis. With the exception of 'Kobe' lespedeza, D. paniculatum and D. canescens, acid detergent fiber (ADF) was either not affected or was slightly increased by shade. Except for Kobe lespedeza and 'Martin' tall fescue, shade either did not affect or slightly increased the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the shade-tolerant forages. Crude protein (CP) percentage increased in most shade-grown forages; however, shade had less effect on CP of legumes than of grasses. Other than Kobe lespedeza, total mass of CP per pot (TCP) was unaffected or increased under 50% shade for all species. Total crude protein of hog peanut, D. esmodium paniculatum and D. canescens was greater under both 50% shade and 80% shade than in full sun. The decrease in ADF of Kobe lespedeza, D. paniculatum and D. canescens under the shade treatments might be associated with maintenance of a higher leaf:stem weight ratio under shade. However, the leaf:stem ratios of the same cultivars grown at different light intensities did not strongly correlate with NDF, CP, and TCP values. In general, on selected species, internodal length and leaf area increased while specific leaf dry weight decreased for plants grown in shade compared to those grown in full sun. The data indicated that forage quality of some species could be enhanced by shade. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of dietary fiber on methane production in Chinese Lantang gilts

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fiber on methane (CH₄) production in pigs using the Chinese native Lantang gilts as study model. The study consisted of two experiments. In the first, 12 Lantang gilts (58.7±0.37 kg), individually housed in open-circuit respiration chambers were randomly divided into two groups (six replicates per dietary group) and fed either with low fiber diet [LFD; neutral detergent fiber (NDF)=201.5 g/kg] or high fiber diet (HFD; NDF=329.7 g/kg). Wheat bran was the main source of fiber for the LFD while ground rice hull (mixture of rice bran and rice hull) was used in the HFD. Results of the study showed that gilts fed LFD recorded higher (P<0.05) digestibility coefficients for dry matter (DM), total organic carbon (TOC), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose than those in the HFD. However, digestibility coefficient for NDF did not differ between treatments but that for hemicellulose was higher for HDF than for LDF. Because of the higher NDF and hemicellulose contents in the diet, pigs in the HFD recorded higher (P<0.05) amount of digested NDF (126.1 vs. 83.6 g/d) and hemicellulose (38.7 vs. 11.9 g/d) than those fed LFD. The higher amount of digested NDF and hemicellulose recorded for the HFD treatment was inconsistent with the lower (P<0.01) daily CH₄ production from gilts fed the HFD compared to that fed LFD (2.46 vs. 3.90 L/pig). To better explain for the unexpected higher CH₄ production from pigs fed LFD, an in vitro fermentation study was conducted using a factorial design comprised of two inocula (collected from low fiber and high fiber diets) and eight substrates (LFD, HFD, wheat bran, ground rice hull and their respective NDF residues). Results of the in vitro trial seems to suggest that the low CH₄ production from the HFD animals was primarily the results of low fermentation rates of HFD and the ground rice hull. However, the calculated CH₄ productions based on the molar percentage of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in both, in vivo and in vitro experiments reaffirmed the in vivo result, that is, CH₄ production from pigs fed HFD was lower than that fed LFD. Although there is a lack of scientific data from this study to fully explain for the unexpected lower CH₄ production from pigs fed the HFD, our results seems to suggest that quantity of digested fiber (including NDF) was not the sole factor affecting enteric CH₄ production in pigs.     

Use of fibrolytic enzymes additives to enhance in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn silage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of four enzyme additives on ruminal fermentation of corn silage using a 48 h batch culture in vitro assay with buffer and ruminal fluid. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) were conducted as completely randomized designs each with two runs and four replicates. The enzyme additives (E1, E2, E3, and E4) were commercial products that provided a range in endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and xylanase activities. For both xylanase (birch wood and oat spelt substrate) and endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulose substrate), the enzyme products (per ml) were ranked E4>E1>E2>E3. In Exp. 1, the four enzymes were added at 0, 2, 4, and 8 μl/g of corn silage dry matter (DM), whereas in Exp. 2 enzymes were added at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μl/g DM. Gas production (GP) was measured at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after incubation. Disappearance of DM (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD), and volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA; total and individual molar proportions) were determined after 24 and 48 h. In Exp. 1, E1 and E2 had higher NDFD and ADFD at 24 and 48 h of incubation (P<0.001) compared with E3 and E4. Increasing dose rate increased NDFD and ADFD for all enzymes (except ADFD for E4 at 48 h), with the optimum dose rate dependant on the enzyme additive (dose×enzyme; P<0.01). There were some treatment effects on DMD and total GP at 24 and 48 h, but these responses were not consistent with responses in NDFD and ADFD. Experiment 2 was conducted to confirm the effects and optimum dose rate of each enzyme additive. In Exp. 2, DMD was not affected by enzyme after 24 and 48 h incubation. There were no enzyme×dose interactions for DMD, NDFD, or ADFD after 24 or 48 h of incubation (except for ADFD at 48 h). After 24 h, DMD, NDFD, and ADFD increased linearly with increasing dose (P<0.05); after 48 h DMD increased linearly, whereas NDFD increased quadratically with increasing enzyme dose (P<0.05). The ADFD increased linearly after 48 h for E3 and E4, but after 48 h ADFD increased quadratically for E1 and E2. Total GP was consistently lowest for E4 at both incubation times (P<0.05). There were no enzyme×dose interactions (P>0.05) for any of the fermentation variables at either 24 or 48 h of incubation in Exp. 2. There were differences amongst the additives for total VFA at 24 and 48 h (P≤0.05); increasing enzyme dose decreased total VFA after 24 h but increased total VFA at 48 h, such that all doses were higher than the control (P<0.001). Overall, the enzyme additives increased NDFD and ADFD of corn silage in vitro; however, E1 and E2 were more effective than E3 or E4. Responses to increasing dose of enzyme were generally linear or curvilinear, and the optimum dose rate differed amongst the products evaluated. Evaluation of the enzymes at 24 and 48 h generally led to the same ranking of the additives, and the degradation of NDF and ADF was more useful in differentiating the enzymes compared with DM and total GP.     

烟草和水稻中水稻条斑病菌过敏反应激发子Ssb_x互作因子的鉴定

【目的】水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola)中单链DNA结合蛋白(single-stranded DNA-binding protein,SsbX)通过病原菌III型分泌系统(type-III secretion system,T3SS)分泌,在非寄主植物烟草上产生过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR),研究旨在明确SsbX激发烟草产生HR的机理。【方法】将水稻条斑病菌RS105菌株注射水稻和烟草叶片,应用CreatorTM SMARTTM cDNA文库构建试剂盒构建水稻和烟草cDNA文库,借助pGADT-Sfi AB载体上特殊酶切位点SfiⅠ,酶切检测水稻和烟草cDNA文库质量;以SsbX为诱饵,通过酵母双杂交技术(Y2H)从水稻和烟草cDNA文库中筛选在SD/-Ade/-Leu/-Trp/-His培养基上能够生长的阳性克隆;并利用β-gal试验验证阳性克隆;序列测定后,使用MEGA 4序列分析软件,并利用邻位相连法(neighbor-joining,NJ)对筛选获得的互作因子进行同源序列和系统进化树分析;利用荧光双分子互补试验(BiFC)于488 nm处黄色激发光和520—550 nm透射光、20×物镜下,在激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica TCS SP5-II)观察SsbX与烟草和水稻中互作因子的互作位点。【结果】水稻和烟草cDNA文库构建和质量检测结果显示,随机挑选20个克隆中水稻来源的cDNA插入在pGADT-Sfi AB载体上,平均片段大小1.0kb;随机挑选20个克隆中烟草来源的cDNA均插入在pGADT-Sfi AB载体上,平均片段大小1.2 kb,说明水稻和烟草的cDNA文库构建质量较好;Y2H和β-gal试验结果显示,SsbX可与烟草和水稻的ADF2(actin-depolymerization factor 2)蛋白互作,使酵母AH109能够在SD/-Ade/-Leu/-Trp/-His平板上生长,并且β-gal染色显示为蓝色。水稻Os ADF2编码139氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为15.9 k D,而烟草Nb ADF2编码137氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为15.kD,两者同源性达69.02%。同源性以及系统进化树分析显示,植物中ADF2广泛存在,同源性高达60%以上。双子叶植物烟草和拟南芥的ADF2同源性最高,相似性达69.05%;单子叶禾本科植物水稻和狗尾草的ADF2同源性最高,相似性为88.81%。BiFC试验结果显示,在488 nm波长的激光共聚焦显微镜下,仅SsbX和Os ADF2以及SsbX和Nb ADF2共同存在时,可在烟草细胞膜上显示黄色荧光,与阳性对照显示黄色荧光一致,说明SsbX可与Os ADF2或Nb ADF2互作,互作位点发生在植物细胞膜上。【结论】通过T3SS分泌的水稻条斑病菌中的SsbX,在植物细胞膜上与ADF2互作,从而激发植物的免疫性。这为进一步揭示SsbX如何激发植物产生HR的机制提供了依据。     

不同种植密度对青贮玉米品质的影响

探明种植密度对青贮玉米杂交种品质的影响对于合理选用优良的青贮玉米杂交种,改善青贮玉米品质具有重要意义。笔者采用随机区组设计,研究了种植密度对青贮玉米杂交种雅玉8号、奥玉5102、中北410、农大108和辽625营养品质的影响。结果表明:1)雅玉8、奥玉5102、中北410、农大108和辽625的青贮品质存在显著差异。农大108、辽625和中北410的青贮品质良好,奥玉5102的青贮品质一般,而雅玉8的青贮品质差。2)种植密度对粗蛋白和ADF含量没有显著影响,但对NDF含量影响较大,较高的种植密度可以增加NDF的含量,导致品质下降。3)种植密度对青贮玉米品质的影响与品种有关,与品种存在互作。4)中北410具有产量高、持绿性好、抗倒伏、抗病性强等优点,是一个丰产性好、适应性强、品质优良的青贮玉米杂交种,适合大面积推广。     

阉牛不同日粮的纤维消化,瘤胃内VFA对甲烷产生量的影响

装有瘤胃和真胃瘘管的成年阉牛４头，体重（５００±５０）ｋｇ，采用４×４完全拉丁方试验设计，在呼吸代谢室内就不同日粮的纤维消化、瘤胃内ＶＦＡ对甲烷产生量的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（１）可消化中性洗涤纤维（ＤＮＤＦ）和可消化酸性洗涤纤维（ＤＡＤＦ）的甲烷产生量，在不同加工细度羊草之间（７．５ｍｍ，１５ｍｍ，３５ｍｍ和长草）无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（２）不同精粗比日粮（０∶１００，２５∶７５，５０∶５０，７５∶２５）的ＮＤＦ或ＡＤＦ降解量（ｋｇ／ｄ）与甲烷产生量呈较高的线性正相关（ｒ＝０．８６８９或ｒ＝０．９７７５），乙酸、丙酸、乙酸＋丙酸产量（ｍｏｌ／ｄ）以及乙酸／丙酸与ＣＨ４产生量（Ｌ／ｄ）之间均存在较高的线性相关（ｒ依次为０．９６９１，－０．９６８３，０．９７８９，０．８８３３）。     

苜蓿形态学性状与纤维含量的相关性分析

通过田间试验及纤维含量测定,研究苜蓿Medicago sativa主茎长、节间数、节间长等形态学性状与其纤维含量的关系,为在田间选择低纤维苜蓿单株提供有效地优势性状。试验结果表明：苜蓿品种（系）间,各形态学性状、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)都具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),其性状变异系数依次为节间长(29.91%)＞主枝侧枝数(22.45%)＞主枝茎粗(20.82%)＞分枝数(19.76%)＞节间数(12.57%)＞主茎长(8.87%)＞ADF(4.18%)＞NDF(3.24%),各形态学性状与NDF和ADF相关性分析表明,主茎长与NDF和ADF均呈显著的正相关,主枝侧枝数与ADF也呈显著正相关。其余形态学性状与NDF和ADF不存在显著相关性。     

广东农业发展的影响因素分析

应用Eviews6.0软件对1990年到2009年期间广东农业增加值、农业劳动力、农业固定资产投资和农业机械总动力的时间序列分别进行单位根检验、协整检验和格兰杰因果检验,以分析影响广东农业发展的主要影响因素。通过数据分析发现,在广东农业劳动力、农业固定资产投资和农业机械总动力投入的增加并不必然导致农业增加值的增加。     

傅立叶近红外快速预测菜籽粕的中、酸性洗涤纤维的研究

为了快速测定菜籽粕中的中、酸性洗涤纤维,对73个不同地区的菜籽粕样品进行了傅立叶近红外光谱扫描以及中、酸性洗涤纤维的化学测定,根据光谱与化学值利用偏最小二乘法建立傅立叶近红外的预测模型,并对模型进行评价。结果表明,NDF和ADF的决定系数分别为97.03和95.57,矫正标准差分别为0.95和1.17。模型的准确度较好,外部检验后真值与化学值接近,说明该模型适合快速预测菜籽粕的中、酸性洗涤纤维的含量。