虾塘沉积物—水界面的营养盐扩散通量及其在养殖季节的变化

以自行设计的方法测定了对虾养殖环境中沉积物-水界面的营养盐扩散通量。结果表明，营养盐自底质向养殖水体的扩散贯穿于整个对虾养殖季节；该扩散通量的最大值出现在养殖后期的有机质污染区，即投铒区；在污染区，养殖后期的扩散通量大大高于养殖前期，但在非污染区却未见其随养殖季节的明显差异；污染区的扩散通量始终高于非污染区，且随养殖时间的推移，该差异逐渐增大。此外，还比较了新、旧虾塘之间的营养盐扩散通量的差异。初步探讨了底质溶出营养盐对对虾养殖环境的影响。     

本会渔业资源专业委员会远洋渔业学术讨论会和农业部全国远洋渔业工作座谈会同时召开

中国水产学会资源专业委员会远洋渔业学术讨论会和农业部全国远洋渔业工作座谈会于1989年11月6—11日在浙江省普陀山同时召开。这是一次对我国远洋渔业生产、科研工作全面检阅和经验交流的会议。来自全国远洋渔业行政、业务主管部门以及生产和科研单位的代表共111人(包括资源专业委     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

Effect of Biogas Digested Liquid on OH4 and N2O Flux in Paddy Ecosystem

Biogas production generates digested slurry as a byproduct. It can be used as a fertilizer especially after its conversion into digested liquid. A pot based study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the application of digested liquid on CH4 and N2O flux, and plant biomass in paddy. Analysis revealed that digested liquid treated soils released more CH4 compared to ammonium sulphate and the control. Ammonium sulphate treated soil emitted the highest N20 whereas digested liquid application decreased its emission significantly. Further, the cumulative emission over 101 d of the experiment was found to be higher for CHa （16.9 to 29.9 g m^-2） compared to N20 （-49.3 to 18.9 mg m^-2） for all treatments. Digested liquid application had positive impact on plant variables such as panicle number and weight of panicles. This study suggests that digested liquid application significantly decrease N20 emission and increase CH4 emission possibly due to affecting the availability of organic C in the soil to microbial activity for methanogenesis. Another possibility for enhancing CH4 emission by following biogas digested liquid could be attributed to the increase in plant biomass.     

长江口水中汞含量分析评价

为了了解长江口水中汞污染情况,2013年1 ～ 12月份逐月采集水样以原子荧光法测量其中汞的含量,采用单因子污染指数法评估汞的污染水平.结果表明,长江口水体中汞含量为0.05～0.16 μg/L,平均值达0.09 μg/L,且不同月份浓度变化较大,呈现春夏高、秋冬低的季节变化特征;以地表水Ⅲ类标准（0.1μg/L）为评价标准,单因子污染评价结果显示长江口汞污染全部高于清洁水平,且有5个月处于污染程度,表明长江口水体中汞含量存在潜在健康风险.     

不同农地利用方式土壤砷、汞累积特征分析及评价研究

为了解成都平原土壤砷、汞的污染状况,揭示不同农地利用方式对土壤砷、汞含量的积累特征,本文以都江堰为研究区域,采集了不同农地利用下73个土壤样点,测定样品中砷、汞含量。结果表明,样点土壤砷平均含量为7.24mg/kg,不同农地利用方式下砷含量从高到低依次为:果园水田菜地旱地;土壤汞平均含量为0.29 mg/kg,不同农业利用方式汞含量由高到低依次为:果园菜地旱地水田。土壤砷、汞含量与川西平原背景值比较均出现了累积趋势,其中以果园的累积问题最突出,其砷、汞含量分别为8.61mg/kg、0.33mg/kg,分别高出川西平原背景值10.5%、83.3%;与土壤环境质量标准比较,4类农地利用方式中砷、汞均未超过规定的二级标准。地质累积指数和潜在生态风险指数研究表明,研究区农地砷、汞尚属轻微污染,从单元素角度分析汞潜在生态风险高于砷。     

黑龙江大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤热通量研究

利用气象梯度观测塔安装的土壤热通量板和净辐射传感器等设备对大兴安岭的兴安落叶松林土壤热通量的特征及与净辐射相关性进行了分析。结果表明：5cm土壤热通量的日变化和年变化均呈现出＂S＂形,土壤热通量在年度6月达到最大值747.35W·m-2,12月达到最小值-394.55 W·m-2,全年总土壤热通量为738.89 W·m-2,全年土壤总的热通量为正值,土壤为热汇。对5cm土壤热通量和冠层净辐射相关性进行了回归分析,无论在日尺度还是在年尺度上均达到显著相关性。     

基于神经网络的杉木人工林碳通量影响因素的选择

对碳循环影响因素的研究是预测碳通量的重要环节,也是研究碳循环的重要基础。利用亚热带地区湖南省会同杉木人工林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站2008年7—9月的碳通量和环境因子观测数据,采用遗传神经网络模型对碳通量预测因素进行优化选择,并与传统的相关分析方法进行对比分析。结果表明:模型CIV.8(输入参数包括空气温度Ta、光合有效辐射Par、大气CO2浓度ρc、空气相对湿度Rh、风速Ws、土壤温度Ts)是所有模型中模拟效果最好的。光合有效辐射与碳通量的相关性最强,相关系数是-0.704(P=0.000);降雨量与碳通量的相关性最弱,相关系数是0.002(P=0.854)。最多输入变量或最复杂的神经网络结构并不能得到最好的模型。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞的不确定度评定

为了得到准确而完善的检测结果,对微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞结果的不确定度进行了评定,结合各不确定度分量对测定方法中不确定度的主要来源进行了分析。结果表明:样品的前处理方法以及试样的重复性对获得准确测定结果尤为重要,标准曲线的配制也是重要的不确定度来源,同时需要确保仪器的稳定性,而试样定容和样品称样引入的不确定度极低,可以忽略。通过不确定度的评定,明确了测定过程中主要误差的来源,为降低检测过程中的误差提供了依据。     

汉丰湖水体总汞和甲基汞的时空分布特征

基于野外调查和室内分析,于2010年11月-2011年9月对三峡水库支流汉丰湖水体中总汞和甲基汞进行 了研究.结果表明:汉丰湖水体中总汞(THg)和总甲基汞(TMeHg)的浓度变化范围分别为2.62~15.74ng/L, 0.15~0.72ng/L,THg高于未受污染的河流,而TMeHg没有明显差别.水体中不同形态汞随时间变化表现为落 干期大于蓄水期;在空间上,水体总汞浓度在上下层无明显的变化规律,而甲基汞总体表现为下层高于上层,从上 游到下游,不同形态汞在淹水灌木丛和中游出现较高值