Nutrient fluxes in rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in Eucalyptus stands on the Zululand coastal plain,South Africa

Atmospheric deposition was assessed at two sites over a four-year period in post-canopy-closure (mature) Eucalyptus stands in the northern Dukuduku and southern KwaMbonambi commercial plantation forestry areas of Zululand, South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and relevance of nutrient addition with rainfall, throughfall and stemflow to commercial forestry in this region. Canopy cation exchange was used with rainfall and canopy drainage to derive wet, dry and total atmospheric deposition. Nutrient concentrations measured in the rainfall, throughfall and stemflow varied widely throughout the study period, and between sources and sites. Rainfall was slightly acidic at both sides, but became less acidic upon passing through the tree canopies. Canopy exchange and collection of dry deposition resulted in increased cation concentrations under the tree canopy, while the canopy generally absorbed nitrogen (N), from the rainfall, reducing the below canopy concentrations. Atmospheric deposition was shown to be responsible for large quantities of nutrients added to the eucalypt stands at each site. Annualised deposition averaged across all years at each site amounted to N, calcium, magnesium, and potassium (K) fluxes of 11.0, 6.0, 2.7 and 10.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1 at Dukuduku and 10, 10.6, 7.5 and 18.8 kg ha^?1 y^?1 at KwaMbonambi, respectively. Organic N fluxes contributed a further 8.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 at Dukuduku and 7.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 at KwaMbonambi to the total N deposition. Although K deposition values were high, additions of all other nutrients, although also high, were within the ranges reported in local and international research. Over the course of a full rotation, the atmospheric deposition levels recorded at these sites may have potential to supply a large proportion of the nutrients that are lost during stem-wood harvesting. This study adds value to understanding of nutritional sustainability of fast-growing plantation forests, demonstrating the importance of atmospheric deposition as a nutrient addition source to plantation-grown eucalypts along the Zululand coastal plain.     

浅水湿润托盘育苗对盘内温度及烤烟生长发育及生物学性状的影响

[目的]探讨烤烟浅水湿润托盘育苗的优势,为其广泛应该提供理论依据。[方法]以漂浮育苗为对照,研究烤烟浅水湿润托盘育苗时盘内温度及烟苗生长状况。[结果]浅水湿润托盘盘内温度较漂浮育苗盘内温度高0.4℃,出苗率相当,苗龄、移栽期、单株苗重、根系情况等方面均优于漂浮育苗。用该技术所育烟苗素质较好,栽后还苗期短,烟株长势较为旺盛,有利于烟叶产量、质量的提高。另外,较少的育苗用水量,有利于缓解干旱地区烤烟育苗的用水压力,减少育苗成本。[结论]浅水湿润托盘育苗技术充分继承了漂浮育苗技术和托盘育苗技术的优点,在烤烟育苗中有着广阔的应用空间。     

大气干湿沉降向城市系统输入重金属元素通量特征研究——以沈阳市为例

[目的]探讨大气干湿沉降向城市系统输入重金属元素通量特征.[方法]根据沈阳市不同行政区采样点重金属元素沉降通量,分析沈阳市不同行政区重金属大气干湿沉降污染的空间分布特征.[结果]在不同的采样点,大气干湿沉降中元素的年沉降通量差异较大,但其在沈阳市不同行政区分布规律大致相同.Cd、Pb、Hg的年沉降通量在各地区的分布分别表现为：铁西区＞皇姑区＞沈河区＞和平区＞大东区＞东陵（浑南）区＞于洪区,铁西区＞沈河区＞皇姑区＞和平区＞东陵区＞于洪区＞大东区＞浑南区,铁西区＞沈河区＞皇姑区＞和平区＞大东（东陵）区＞于洪（浑南）区.大气降尘污染的空间分布与污染源地域分布具有一致性,即工业区＞商业区或交通区＞文化区＞居民区＞郊区.[结论]该研究为大气干湿沉降污染的控制与治理提供了理论参考.     

船用喷水推进器内部流动特性分析

为了解航速对船用喷水推进器内部流动特性的影响,以轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,基于ANSYS-CFX软件,采用N-S基本方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,对以额定转速5500 r/min以及不同航速条件下的喷水推进器进行全流域定常数值模拟,得到了不同航速下喷水推进器叶轮叶片在不同切面上的压力载荷情况,各个过流部件上的湍动能变化规...     

湿式离合器温度场特性仿真分析

针对湿式离合器摩擦副热失效问题,以摩擦钢片为研究对象,借助AcuSolve仿真分析软件,开展了离合器接合过程钢片瞬态温度场仿真分析研究。通过仿真分析获得了起步工况时主、从动端转速差、接合时间及入口流速等因素对钢片温度场影响规律。仿真结果表明:沿摩擦盘径向,钢片表面温度随着半径值的增加而上升,高温聚集在半径较大处;主、从动转速差越大,摩擦钢片的温度梯度越大;增加接合时间会导致钢片表面温度升高;增大入口流速可小幅降低摩擦副的表面温度。     

半径间隙对水润滑轴承轴心轨迹的影响

为了研究海水淡化高压泵水润滑轴承半径间隙对转子系统稳定性的影响,设计了3种不同半径间隙的水润滑轴承,采用数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法,对不同半径间隙时的干、湿转子轴心轨迹进行研究.结果表明:随着轴承半径间隙的增大,干转子的涡动中心明显向X,Y轴负方向漂移,而湿转子由于系统的阻尼增大涡动中心变化不明显;湿转子的涡动振幅明显大于干转子的;数值计算的结果与试验结果基本吻合,在轴承间隙较大时,干转子系统稳定性较差,半径间隙为0.1 mm时,润滑效果最好.研究结果为海水淡化高压泵水润滑轴承参数的优化设计提供必要的参考依据.     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

基于物理化学调控方法的水分时空分布试验

利用室内人工降雨试验,采用3因素3水平正交试验设计方案,研究物理化学调控方法实施情况下坡面土体中水分的时空分布状况。结果表明,物理调控方法可以调节降雨在坡面上的空间分布状况,在同一坡度条件下,面积比为1:2和1:1的处理的湿润锋尾部变化梯度及湿润锋深度均大于面积比为0:3的处理,且湿润锋分布的均匀程度较高。文中使用的入渗率计算公式可真实反映沿坡面各点的入渗率变化过程,入渗量计算公式可计算出降雨入渗量,且精度较高。化学调控方法由于能够维持土壤的物理结构,可以提高土壤的早期降雨入渗率,并增加入渗区上部的降雨入渗量,进而缩小坡面各点的水分分布差异。物理化学调控方法在坡面上配合使用可以提高降雨利用率,但其实际应用效果仍需进一步研究。     

高能湿法球磨制备鱼胶原肽螯合钙及其理化特征

为了拓展胶原肽螯合钙的制备工艺,以鱼胶原肽和CaCl2为原料,以高能湿法球磨的方法制备了鱼胶原肽螯合钙,并采用FT-IR红外图谱、X-衍射、EDS能谱等技术手段对其理化特性和结构进行分析。结果显示,随着球磨时间从15 min延长到240 min,鱼胶原肽的平均粒径逐渐降低,ZETA电位绝对值、分子量和pH值逐渐增加,鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率逐渐从74.21%增加到85.42%。鱼胶原肽螯合钙与鱼胶原肽的主体化学结构相似,但是球磨后鱼胶原肽的-COO-1 VAS吸收峰(1 643.89 cm~(-1))向短波数方向移动到1 540～1 555 cm~(-1),而-NH2的特征吸收峰(3 313.9 cm~(-1))向长波数方向移动到3 337.12～3 380.59 cm~(-1)。球磨后鱼胶原在2θ=20°处的特征宽吸收峰消失,而在2θ=26、28、48和58°处出现多个尖峰和弥散峰,表明其从无定形结构向兼具结晶和无定形结构转变。鱼胶原肽螯合钙中钙元素比例逐渐增加,证实鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率增加。研究表明,高能湿法球磨可应用于鱼胶原肽螯合钙的制备,该方法具有加工工艺简单、无污染和螯合率高等优点。     

喷雾降温风机风筒优化设计与试验

为缓解高温热害对茶果树的影响,基于圆弧板型叶片模型设计了一种喷雾降温风机,并对风筒结构进行建模和动力学仿真。以出风口直径、进风段长度和出风段长度为试验因素,以风机出口总压和风速为试验指标,采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件优化风筒结构参数。优化结果表明,各因素对出口总压和风速的影响由大到小依次为出风口直径、出风段长度、进风段长度。最优参数组合为出风口直径1 070 mm、进风段长度350 mm和出风段长度270 mm。选取WJ-7010、WJ-8010型喷嘴,利用优化后的风筒结构进行了风速试验和喷雾降温性能试验。风速试验表明,当风筒出风口直径和总长度分别为1 070、840 mm时,出风口风量为701.30 m~3/min,最大风速为16.00 m/s,有效送风距离约为55.00 m。喷雾降温性能试验结果表明,当使用WJ-8010型喷嘴时,与对照组相比,平均温度降低0.68～11.11℃,最大温差范围为1.80～13.90℃。在38℃高温环境下,喷雾降温风机在20 m范围内的降温幅度接近5℃,降温效果良好。