甘肃河西走廊草地沙质荒漠化监测与治理对策

对河西走廊地区草地沙质荒漠化的遥感监测结果表明,全区5市91563．47km^2草地面积中,强烈发展沙化草地占29．22％,发展沙化草地占1．5％,潜在沙化草地占30．34％,未沙化草地占38．94％。全区沙质荒漠化草地占草地面积的61．06％,50％以上的草地处于沙质荒漠化状态,其中金昌市与嘉峪关市强烈发展的沙质荒漠化草地面积比例最高,超过60％以上。调查分析认为,该区草地沙质荒漠化成因主要是气候干旱、多风以及土壤质地疏松等自然因素和长期滥垦、过度放牧和水资源利用不当等历史和人为社会因素相互作用的结果,在此基础上提出了治理河西走廊地区草地沙质荒漠化的对策。     

川西北沙化治理现状及治理区划

川西北共有沙化土地82.19万hm2,2007~2010年共计投入资金7 000万元,建设沙化治理示范区8 040 hm2.文章以最新沙化监测数据为基础,总结出一套适合川西北的流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和露沙地治理模式,针对不同的沙地类型选择了封育、种草、植灌、沙障等模式.结合川西北沙区分布的流域、地形地貌、沙化成因、气候等因素,遵循地域连贯性原则进行了治理区划,划分出黄河水系白河、黑河流域重点沙化治理区、长江水系雅砻江流域重点沙化治理区以及长江水系大渡河流域、长江水系岷江流域、长江水系雅砻江流域一般沙化治理区,并提出了各治理区的治理方案.     

贵州省岩溶地区坡度与土地石漠化空间相关分析

喀斯特石漠化从本质上来讲是喀斯特地区的成土速率远小于水土流失的速率而造成的土地生产力的退化过程.坡度起伏决定着地表现代侵蚀作用的强弱,影响着水土流失的强度;坡度越大,地表物质的不稳定性就越强,土壤越容易遭受侵蚀而变薄.在前期工作中,构筑了贵州省岩溶地区1∶500 000坡度分级图和石漠化分布图,对岩溶地区坡度图和石漠化图进行空间叠加分析,研究坡度与石漠化形成的相关关系.贵州省岩溶地区坡度主要集中于10°～25°之间,不同程度石漠化分布最集中的地区是＞25°的坡地区;在坡度＞18°的地区,石漠化的发生率基本随着坡度的增大而增大,强度石漠化的表现尤为明显;＜18°的坡地区石漠化程度主要以轻度和中度为主.     

印度治沙经验及其对中国的启示

[目的]总结印度荒漠化治理经验,为中国相关工作提供借鉴。[方法]通过分析印度荒漠化成因及其影响,并从机构、政策、技术层面对其治理具体措施与成效进行总结。[结果]印度治沙的基本经验是建立以政府为主的管理机构,确定行动方案,参与国际合作,加强荒漠化监测,开发治沙技术,重视资源管理,改进耕种技术。[结论]印度治沙经验对中国荒漠化防治工作的主要启示是完善国家防治机构,加强防治能力建设,充分发挥科技的引领和支撑作用,以及农户的积极参与。     

云南省岩溶地区石漠化耕地现状及治理策略

云南省石漠化土地面积212.85万hm²,占岩溶土地面积的19.81%,其中石漠化耕地面积46.36万hm²,占石漠化土地面积的21.78%,石漠化耕地以轻度石漠化和中度石漠化土地为主,集中分布在人口稠密、经济欠发达地区。目前云南省石漠化治理存在着投资标准低,投入不足,治理需求大,成果巩固压力大,管理体制不顺,地方配套资金筹措困难等问题。藉此,提出遵循水土保持原则,因地制宜,改善农业条件,大力发展林禽林下经济模式,持续推进石漠化综合治理工程,节约集约用地,严把耕地红线关,降低石漠化区域耕地承载压力,遏制石漠化耕地发生等治理策略。     

The nature,causes and consequences of desertification in the drylands of Africa

The dryland environment of Africa poses formidable problems for sustainable development. Among these are unpredictable and severe drought, desiccation or aridification due to persistent drought and dryland degradation or desertification. Because these problems overlap in their effects on the ground, often those who seek sustainable development for these drylands tend to view the problems as one and the same. Yet to facilitate the development of appropriate and effective mitigating measures it is important that the differences and interrelationships be clearly understood. This article starts by outlining the differences and interlinkages between desertification, drought, desiccation and climate change and their causal factors. The central theme is the human causes and consequences of desertification in the drylands of Africa. An attempt has been made to unravel the changing views on the human causes, this is followed by a brief outline of the intervening plans and actions to stem the problem. A significant drawback in combating desertification and drought is the failure of African governments to devolve power to the people who are affected, and to link environmental degradation to economic policy. Consequently, many programmes lack local support or are undermined by conflicting trade and agricultural policies pursued by governments. It is contended that, for sustainable development strategies to work, policies should put the welfare of the people in these drylands at the centre of the development agenda and give them the rights and the power to determine their future. They should empower the people to sustain adaptive strategies towards sustainable livelihoods. Also the threats posed to environment and sustainable development by protectionism and overconsumption in the north and structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), call for the removal of distortions created by the import barriers of developed country, the curbing of overconsumption and a fundamental revision in the structure of SAPs to help alleviate poverty and protect the environment in these African countries. It is in the interest of the global community that the environment in Africa is protected. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a mediterranean-arid transect

From the perspective of geomorphology, three important aspects of climate should be considered if conditions become more arid: (a) any decrease that might occur in the annual rainfall amount; (b) the duration of rainfall events; and (c) any increase in the intervals between rainfall events. These, together with increasing temperature, lead to less available water, less biomass and soil organic matter content and hence to a decrease in aggregate size and stability. As a consequence, the soil permeability decreases, soils develop surface crusts and infiltration rates decrease dramatically. Such changes in vegetation cover and soil structure lead to an increase in overland flow and in the erosion of the fertile topsoil layer. Positive feedback mechanisms may reinforce these effects and lead to desertification. This paper considers the results of field investigations into the spatial variability of a number of ‘quick response’ variables at two scales: the regional and the plot scales. Concerning the regional scale spatial variability, results of experimental field work conducted along a climatic transect, from the Mediterranean climate to the arid zone in Israel, show that: (1) organic matter content, and aggregate size and stability decrease with aridity, while the sodium adsorption ratio and the runoff coefficient increase; and (2) the rate of change of these variables along the climatic transect is non-linear. A steplike threshold exists at the semiarid area, which sharply separates the Mediterranean climate and arid ecogeomorphic systems. This means that only a relatively small climatic change would be needed to shift the borders between these two systems. As many regions of Mediterranean climate lie adjacent to semiarid areas, they are threatened by desertification in the event of climate change. Concerning spatial variability at the plot scale, different patterns of overland flow generation and continuity characterize hillslopes under different climatic conditions. While in the Mediterranean climate area infiltration is the dominant process all over the hillslope, in the arid area overland flow predominates. In contrast to the uniform distribution of processes in these two zones, a mosaic-like pattern, consisting of locally ‘arid’ water contributing and ‘moist’ water accepting patches is typical of the transitional semiarid area. Such pattern is strengthened by fires or grazing which are characteristic of this area. The development of such mosaic pattern enables most rainfall to be retained on hillslopes. Changes in the spatial pattern of contributing versus accepting water areas can be used as an indicator of desertification and applied to developing rehabilitation strategies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益评价

[目的]研究库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益,为沙漠化治理效益评价提供科学参考。[方法]通过建立了库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益评价指标体系,采取层次分析法和模糊综合评价法进行生态效益评价。[结果]在生态效益评价指标的权重中,排在前3位的分别是植被盖度、地上生物量、草层高度评价指标,植被因子在沙漠化治理中较其他因子更为重要,植被恢复状况对库布齐沙漠化治理的影响显著;基于模糊综合评价结果可知,研究区防沙治沙生态效益值为53,属于一般状况。当地农户普遍认为防沙治沙明显改善了当地生态环境,大多数农户对沙漠化治理工作认同度较高。[结论]随着生态政策和治理措施的推进,治理效益将呈现良好态势;农户生态环保意识较差,还需加强农户生态环保意识,并提高农民文化水平。     

川西北不同沙化程度草地土壤细菌群落特征

研究川西北不同沙化程度草地（未沙化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地、重度沙化草地）土壤细菌多样性和群落结构特征,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16 SrRNA V₃—V₄可变区进行测序,研究土壤细菌多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理养分探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素,对发挥土壤潜在肥力,了解土壤健康状况,实现该区植被的管理与可持续利用有着重要的意义。结果表明:（1）不同沙化草地土壤养分具有明显差异,依次表现为:随着沙化程度的增加,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷逐渐降低;（2）不同沙化程度草地土壤样品中共检测到细菌的32个门,65个纲,169个目,优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）,主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、浮霉菌纲（Planctomycetacia）,与沙化草地相比,未沙化草地优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;（3）随着沙化程度的增加,OUT数目、Chao指数、Ace指数、Shannon指数逐渐减小,其中不同沙化草地土壤细菌覆盖率和Simpson指数差异不显著（p > 0.05）;（4）冗余分析和Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH值、土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）是土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的主要影响因子。     

西南喀斯特石漠化与水土流失研究进展

日趋严重的西南喀斯特石漠化问题,已严重威胁该地区的生态环境安全、人民生活和社会经济发展。系统综述了喀斯特石漠化的研究进展,主要针对石漠化概念、石漠化类型界定标准、成因等进行了论述。同时,针对喀斯特地区水土流失的研究动态进行了总结,阐述了石漠化与水土流失的相互关系,重点揭示了当前喀斯特地区地下水土流失研究存在的问题与不足。进而根据当前研究热点和不足进行了展望,提出下阶段的研究重点,即:根据当前工作重心重新制定石漠化类型界定标准,从研究方法和技术上革新,推进喀斯特地下水土流失机理及量化研究,重视喀斯特坡地地下水污染问题,研发科学、有效的地表—地下水土流失防治措施。