Biochemical composition and kinetics of C and N mineralization of animal wastes: a typological approach

Forty-seven different animal wastes were characterized using chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction and Van Soest method) and 224-day incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis were performed to establish relationships between the composition of these wastes and C and N mineralization. Carbon and N contents ranged from 101 to 469 mg C kg⁻¹ dry matter (d.m.) and from 4 to 39 mg N kg⁻¹ d.m. Soluble C and N represented less than 9% of organic C and 1.5% of total N at 20°C, respectively. The C fractions soluble at 100°C or in neutral detergent were larger and represented 14 and 32% of the organic C, respectively. The hemicellulose-like (HEM) and cellulose-like (CEL) fractions contained about 16.5 and 6% of the organic N, respectively. The C distribution in the lignin-like (LIG) and CEL fractions was comparable, but the former contained more N. Carbon mineralization varied from 5 to 62% of the organic C added during the 224-day incubation; 70% of the wastes induced net N mineralization at the end of incubation (from 3 to 51% of organic N). Other wastes induced net soil inorganic N immobilization, from −1 to −31% of the organic N added. Most highly significant correlations were established between the C mineralization and the C present in the water-soluble fraction at 20°C, and the HEM and LIG fractions. Relationships between N mineralization and biochemical characteristics were weak, except with the soluble Van Soest fraction, and highly significant correlations were observed between N mineralization rates calculated at 224 days of incubation and the organic N content or C/N ratio of wastes. Finally, an objective hierarchical classification based on composition criteria and C and N mineralization led to the definition of six different classes of wastes. It permitted differentiation between four composted wastes and intrinsically different wastes (i.e., cattle manures, pig manures, and poultry manures) which could not be objectively regrouped. It also placed some very different types of waste (solid phase from pig slurry separation, pig manures, and composted pig mixtures) in the same class.     

糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物用作猪饲料的营养价值评定

选取三元杂交去势公猪4头,在体重25～35kg和45～60kg两个阶段采用全收粪(尿)法各测一次糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物(MABFP)中养分的表观消化率、消化能和蛋白质生物学价值。结果表明,25～35kg阶段,MABFP的粗蛋白(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、粗脂肪(EE)和无氮浸出物(NFE)的表观消化率分别为48.5%,22.35%,92.61%和66.06%,表观消化能(DE)为9.44MJ/kg;45～60kg阶段,MABFP的CP、CF、EE、NFE的表观消化率分别为60.27%,46.43%,88.39%和77.24%,DE为10.88MJ/kg。两阶段CP、CF和NFE的表观消化率差异显著(P<0.05);45～60kg阶段,组氨酸、赖氨酸和丙氨酸的表观消化率显著高于25～35kg阶段的(P<0.05)。其它氨基酸的消化率两阶段之间无明显差异。前后两阶段MABFP的氮沉积率依次为14.32%和28.71%;蛋白质表观生物学价值依次为54.56%和57.06%。     

用热管换热器回收密闭式鸡舍冬季换气中的余热

中国北方地区冬季气温低且冬季长，鸡舍结构上多采用密闭式以保温，使得冬季舍内空气质量恶化，须强制通风换气以保证空气质量，其结果使舍内气温降低。各种鸡舍在通风换气下舍温仅-2～3℃(东北地区舍温更低)，导致蛋鸡舍在冬季的生产性能下降5%～10%。由于冬季舍内排出的废气与补充的新风温差可达10～25℃，废气与新风还有湿度差，废气余热(包括显热和极少量的潜热)有一定的利用价值。为解决通风换气与保温这一对矛盾，该文提出将热管换热器用于回收密闭式鸡舍冬季排出废气中的余热。利用热管换热器可以将废气的50%以上余热回收以加热由舍外强制送入鸡舍的新风，以适当提高新风的温度。文中对热管换热器作了传热及阻力设计计算，对一定工况进行了参数优化并编制了通用程序。将热管换热器系统运用在鸡舍中运行，热管换热器实测热效率可达50%～65%，可节能、节省饲料 、提高产蛋率，有一定的推广价值。     

废旧棉与水稻秸秆纤维混合地膜制造工艺参数优化

为提高废旧棉织物和农作物秸秆的利用率,对废旧棉纤维与水稻秸秆纤维混合制取地膜的工艺及性能进行了试验研究。以废旧棉纤维为"骨架",水稻秸秆纤维为填充辅料,添加功能助剂,应用四因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以打浆度、棉纤维添加量、定量和湿强剂质量分数为影响因子,以混合地膜的干抗张强度、干伸长率、湿抗张强度、湿伸长率为响应函数,研究得出了定量77~90 g/m2、湿强剂质量分数1.5%~1.8%、棉纤维打浆度45°SR、棉纤维添加量25%的废旧棉与水稻秸秆纤维混合地膜最佳工艺参数组合,所得混合纤维地膜的干抗张强度大于32 N、干伸长率大于1.8%、湿抗张强度大于10 N、湿伸长率大于5.5%,可满足地膜田间覆盖机械性能要求。研究结果为综合利用废旧棉织物和水稻秸秆制备可降解地膜提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Short-term effects of olive mill waste water (OMW) on chemical and biochemical properties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Olive mill waste water (OMW), a by-product of the olive mill industry, is produced in large amounts in Mediterranean countries. Olive mill waste water contains a high organic load, substantial amounts of plant nutrients but also several compounds with recognized toxicity towards living organisms. Moreover, OMW may represent a low cost source of water. Thus, the use of OMW for soil fertigation is a valuable option for its disposal, provided that its impact on soil chemical and biochemical properties is established. Investigations were performed on the short-term influence of OMW on several chemical and biochemical properties of a soil from a continental semi-arid Mediterranean region (Morocco). The soil was amended with 0, 18 and 36 ml 100 g⁻¹ soil of OMW (corresponding to a field rate of 0, 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively) and changes in various functionally related properties such as microbial biomass, basal respiration, extractable C and N, and soil hydrolases and oxido-reductases activities were measured over time. The variations of the main physical and chemical properties as well as the residual phytotoxicity of OMW amended and non-amended soils as assessed by tomato seed germination tests were also monitored. Temporary and permanent changes in several chemical and biochemical soil properties occurred following OMW application, thus being these properties varied in sensitivity to the applied disturbance. A sudden increase of total organic C, extractable N and C, available P and extractable Mn and Fe contents were measured. Simultaneously, a rapid increase of soil respiration, dehydrogenase and urease activities and microbial biomass (at 14 day incubation) of OMW amended soils occurred. In contrast, the activities of phosphatase, β-glucosidase, nitrate reductase and diphenol oxidase decreased markedly. The soil became highly phytotoxic after OMW addition (large decline of soil germination capability), mainly at 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW. After 42 days' incubation, however, a complete recovery of the soil germination capability and a residual phytotoxicity of about 30% were observed with 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW, respectively. These findings indicate that the impact of OMW on soil properties was the result of opposite effects, depending on the relative amounts of beneficial and toxic organic and inorganic compounds present. The toxic compounds contained in OMW most likely counteracted the beneficial effect of organic substrates provided, which promoted the growth and activity of indigenous microorganisms.     

Impact of organic fertilisation on lettuce biomass production according to the cultivation duration in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

The productivity levels of two arenosol (Ar40) and fluvisol (FL40) fields that had been cultivated for over 40 years were compared to that of fields with the same soils located nearby but never previously cultivated, i.e. Ar0 and FL0, respectively. Application of poultry manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SS) were compared to a mineral fertilizer (T100), corresponding to 100 kg/ha of nitrogen, over three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crop cycles. PM and SS were applied at 50 and 150 kg/ha nitrogen equivalent fertilizer doses. Biomass production levels in the organic and mineral treatments were similar, except for the SS-50 for FL0 and the PM-150 for Ar40, FL40 and FL0. Biomass production levels of Ar40 were higher than those of Ar0 for the first cycle. In the initial state, the soil P content in Ar40 was higher than that of the Ar0 soil. With the treatment repetition, Ar0 showed the same production level as Ar40. For the fluvisols, biomass production levels of FL40 were lower than those of FL0 for the first cycle. Indeed, the initial nitrate content in FL40 was lower than in FL0. The biomass production levels of FL40 were higher than those of FL0 for the following cycles.     

Ammonia volatilization from poultry manure-amended soil

Summary Poultry manure (PM) is commonly applied to cropland as a fertilizer, usually at rates determined by the nitrogen content of the manure. Limited information is available, however, on the volatilization of ammonia from poultry manure-amended soils, despite the effect these losses may have on the fertilizer value of the manure. This study was initiated to determine the influence of incorporation and residue cover on NH₃ losses from PM-amended soils. In the first experiment, a dynamic flow technique was used to measure NH₃ losses from 18 manures applied to a bare soil surface at a rate of 12 Mg ha^-1. In the second experiment, 3 of the 18 manures were incorporated either immediately, 24 h or 72 h after application. The third experiment compared the same three manures applied to a bare soil surface or to corn or soybean residues. Surface application of the manures resulted in the loss of from 4 to 31% of the total N applied in the manures. Incorporation of the PM with soil significantly reduced NH₃ loss with the greatest decrease following immediate incorporation. Crop residues either had no effect or slightly reduced NH₃ volatilization losses relative to PM application to a bare soil surface. Ammonia volatilization was not well correlated with individual manure properties, but a multiple regression approach using manure pH and total N content offered some promise as a means to segregate manures of the basis of volatilization potential.     

Forms and solubility of plant nutrient elements in tropical plant waste biochars

Thailand is an agriculture‐based country which produces large amounts of agricultural waste. Making biochar from this waste can reduce pollution, decrease costs of production, and increase C sequestration. The agronomic benefits of biochar are partly derived from the available plant nutrients in biochar. This study investigated the fertilizer value of biochars manufactured by slow pyrolysis. Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type affect nutrient concentrations and nutrient element speciation in biochar. The physio‐chemical, mineralogical and structural properties of biochars made from 14 agriculture wastes (soybean cake, corncob, lemon peel, sugar palm fibre, durian shell, tamarind wood, coconut fibre, coconut shell, bamboo wood, rice husk, eucalyptus wood, oil palm fruit, coffee waste, and bagasse) were investigated. The plant nutrients in biochar mostly occurred in crystalline minerals which were present on the surface and inside the cell structure of biochar. Most biochars examined in this research contained calcite (CaCO₃). The presence in biochars of several K‐minerals [archerite (KH₂PO₄), chlorocalcite (KCaCl₃), kalicinite (KHCO₃), pyrocoproite (K₂MgP₂O₇), struvite‐K (KMgPO₄ · 6 H₂O), and sylvite (KCl)] encourages the use of biochar as a K‐fertilizer. Fibre, fruit and wood biochars contained considerable amounts of K, Ca, and P. Sugar palm and coconut fibres also contained high level of Na in halite. This study recommends the utilization of biochars manufactured from sugar palm fibre, coconut fibre, durian shell, and oil palm fruit as fertilizers. With their appreciable contents of plant nutrients in highly to moderately soluble compounds these biochars should be effective fertilizers, especially for use by organic farmers who cannot use any chemical fertilizers.     

Numerical modeling of water balance for temporary landfill cover in North Germany

At the end of waste disposal in 2005, a temporary mineral system was constructed to cover the waste body of the municipal landfill in Rastorf (N Germany). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this temporary cover system in limiting the infiltration of surface water into the waste body. The numerical modeling for the hydrological year 2012 was performed in FEFLOW 6.0. The required input data for modeling were achieved by laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the water retention characteristics of the mineral layers. The assumed initial and boundary conditions were based on in‐situ measurements of matrix potential and volumetric water content at three different measuring points by tensiometers, FDR sensors and observed meteorological conditions. The model was applied according to Darcy's and Richards' equations for variably saturated flow. Our results allowed assessing the components of water balance for a temporary cover system, especially water seepage into the waste body. The correlation between the measured and modeled volumetric soil water content in the layered temporary cover system was observed (R² = 0.56 to 0.90). Deviations between the measured and modeled values are superficially related to the soil´s heterogeneity. In conclusion, the measured and modeled water balance parameters indicate that the temporary coverage system remains effective in limiting the infiltration rate. However, our studies revealed that the calculated and measured water seepage exceeded the values allowable by the German regulations. Additional studies have to assess variations in the soil water characteristics caused by weather‐related wetting and drying cycles and influence of waste settlement changing the profile of slope.     

葡萄酒废酵母中谷胱甘肽的乙醇提取法工艺优化

酵母泥是葡萄酒酿造的主要副产物之一,废酵母泥中富含谷胱甘肽等生物活性物质。通过单因素试验和正交试验,对葡萄酒废酵母中的谷胱甘肽进行乙醇提取法工艺优化,确定最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶10.0(m∶V)、乙醇体积分数35%、浸提时间45 min和浸提温度50℃,在此条件下谷胱甘肽的得率可高达22.1%。