黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。     

Erosion and deposition history derived by depth-stratigraphy of Cs and soil organic carbon

There are a number of uncertainties in the use of ¹³⁷Cs as a marker for deriving soil erosion rates. However, this should not limit other potential uses of this anthropogenic radionuclide in the study of soil landscape processes. This study outlines a sampling methodology which aids in the assessment of the history of erosion and depositional processes within a landscape unit. The depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and soil organic carbon (SOC) was utilized as a means of determining the erosion and depositional history of a conventionally tilled agricultural field in southern Ontario, Canada. Three transects oriented along the slope of a large field had five soil profiles excavated at the summit, sideslope, shoulder slope, footslope and toeslope landscape positions. The soils were sampled in 5 cm increments, and ¹³⁷Cs and SOC were determined on the samples. The results show that soil redistribution within landscape units of agricultural fields has been substantial both before and after fallout of ¹³⁷Cs to the soil surface. Soils in depositional areas contained significant ¹³⁷Cs and SOC at depths beyond which the plow can attain at present. This implies that a significant amount of carbon is being sequestered beneath the present plow layer, and the characterization of this pool must be considered in deriving the dynamics of SOC in agroecosystems.     

黄河流域陕西片土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

以气候、地质、地形、植被及人类活动 5类因素中的 6个因子为预报因子 ,以陕西黄河流域水蚀区内 5大类型区中 3 3条小流域的实验观测资料和实地调查资料及有关科研单位的研究成果为基础 ,建立了适用于该区域的土壤侵蚀预报模型。据运用该模型对本区域内 4条小流域水土保持遥感普查成果和建模所用 3 3条小流域土壤侵蚀模数进行验证 ,证明该模型具有较高的精度 ,可以在陕西黄河流域水蚀区及条件相近的其他地区推广应用     

Impact of land-use changes and sedimentation on the Muhammad Nur Reservoir, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Muhammad Nur Reservoir (MNR) is a major multipurpose reservoir located on the Riam Kanan River in the Indonesian Province of South Kalimantan. The MNR has a high sediment trap efficiency and there is concern that accelerated erosion in the catchment, resulting from inappropriate land use, poses a significant threat to the storage capacity and effective life span of the reservoir. Furthermore, on-going deforestation of large parts of the catchment may have changed the inflow pattern to the reservoir. This paper uses data from fieldwork and published information from different sources to examine the extent of erosion and sedimentation in the catchment and the sediment delivery to the reservoir. Water level variations in the reservoir over a 22-year period are examined for changes that might indicate an alteration of the hydrologic balance in the catchment.     

Contamination of Forest Soils in the Vicinity of the Sedimentation Pond after Zinc and Lead Ore Flotation (in the Region of Olkusz,Southern Poland)

In the technological processes of ore flotation in the non-ferrous metal industry flotation, tailings constitute up to 98% of the total of the processed material. They are stored in sedimentation ponds as fine-grained drift containing an excess of heavy metals, mainly zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. After the dehydration and drying up of the surface of sedimentation ponds, these metals are carried with dust by the wind and they are accumulated in the vicinity of the ponds in humus horizons of soils causing considerable degradation and even devastation. In this publication, we have presented the results of research on the negative influence of such a structure on the soils of an adjacent fragment of forest and its dependence on the distance from the sedimentation pond. The level of degradation of the soils under research has been assessed on the basis of changes and transformations of the morphological soil profiles, the level of alkalization and accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) in the topsoil layers and their translocation in the soil horizons. The following soils have been distinguished in the investigated area: Haplic Podzols distorted and degraded as well as Urbic Anthrosols. The acquired results have served to depict the spatial accumulation of these heavy metals in the topsoil layers. The highest accumulation of heavy metals and the degradation of the forest sites connected with it has occurred in the vicinity of a sedimentation pond drain channel. Soil remediation has been recommended in this area.     

降雨过程中碱性坡耕地土壤侵蚀的研究

坡地土壤侵蚀的治理是水土保持工作的主要任务之一。为了研究碱性坡耕地土壤在降雨过程中的入渗和侵蚀特性，该试验采用室内人工降雨模拟器方法对两种不同碱度的壤质黄土在不同坡度条件下的入渗和侵蚀进行了调查。试验土壤的可交换钠百分比(ESP)分别为2.8和52.0，土壤表面坡度为5%～25%。试验数据显示，在降雨过程中，土壤的入渗能力随ESP的减小或表面坡度的增大而增加，土壤的可侵蚀性随土壤ESP或表面坡度的增大而增加。两种ESP的土壤在各种表面坡度情况下的土壤累积侵蚀量随累积降雨量直线增加，并随土壤坡度的增大而增加。但当土壤坡度大于15%时，高ESP土壤的累积侵蚀量随土壤坡度的增加远大于低ESP土壤的增加。USLE经验公式较好地预测了低ESP土壤的坡度系数，但不能精确计算高ESP土壤的坡度系数。由于土壤细沟侵蚀的发生，WEPP模型低估了两种ESP壤在大坡度情况下的坡度系数。     

不同草带对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

于20012002年进行了“不同草带对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响”研究,试验设高羊茅(A)单作、高羊茅与红三叶混作(B)、非洲狗尾草与红三叶混作(C)和一个无草带种植(对照D)4个处理,坡地在13.2°14°。在每个处理上部等高种植玉米,基部种0.5 m宽的草带,底部设径流收集池,主要收集510月玉米生长期间的水土流失量。结果表明:①草带可显著减少径流量和侵蚀量,3种草带处理2年的总径流量和总侵蚀量均极显著(P<0.01)小于对照D,其中非洲狗尾草与红三叶混作的水土保持效果最好,高羊茅与红三叶混作次之,高羊茅单作为第三。②试验地水土流失主要发生在68三个月,这3个月的径流量和侵蚀量分别占总量的96.8%,99.9%,特别是6月径流量和侵蚀量分别占总量的63.2%,80.3%,草带在此期间水土保持效果最显著。所以,在坡耕地上结合农作物等高种植多年生草带是一项简单有效的水土保持技术。     

水土流失区马尾松垦复施肥与混交固氮植物措施对比分析

水土流失区马尾松“老头林”采用一般的垦复施肥措施，对促进马尾松生长有显著效果，但施肥作用只能持续3年左右。而采用混交固氮树种杨梅、胡枝子的措施，随着固氮植物固氮能力及生物生长量的增加，土壤养分状况、土壤结构等得到不断改善，马尾松高生长量也在逐步上升，效果十分显著，且作用持久。     

应用遥感技术估算东亚沙尘携沙量

应用中国重点城市环境监测站的大气可吸入颗粒物 PM1 0 指标和 N OAA - AVH RR的大气上界的反射率指标 ,首先从遥感影象上确定沙尘。同时利用单通道遥感方法 ,从 AVH RR可见光通道反演东亚沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布 ,进一步依据沙尘气溶胶光学厚度与沙尘载荷的定量关系 ,估算出一次东亚沙尘的携沙量。基于卫星遥感的沙尘携沙量为风力侵蚀的定量研究提供了一个新方法