The Surface Chemistry of Starch Granules Studied by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

This paper reports the novel application of time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to the investigation of starch granule surface chemistry and composition. TOF-SIMS spectra were recorded from five different starch samples, and were interpreted by applying standard mass spectrometry rules. The chemical identity of the majority of peaks in the spectra have thus been assigned, and allow the identification of ions arising from granule surface carbohydrates, lipids and surface contamination. The remaining peaks, which could not be assigned to the above species, have been tentatively assigned as arising from granule-surface proteins. The TOF-SIMS spectra reveal significant information regarding the types of lipids present at the starch granule surface and the identities of their acyl R chains. TOF-SIMS analysis of chlorinated starch samples lead to the conclusion that neither direct addition of chlorine to starch polymers, nor oxidation of the C2 and C3 hydroxyls to carbonyl groups, occurs following chlorination. The TOF-SIMS spectra reveal however, that the phosphocholine group of starch surface phospholipids is modified following chlorination, and furthermore, that chlorination may cause starch depolymerization.     

Amyloplastenentwicklung und Stärkesynthese in Samen von Futter- und Markerbsen

Development of amyloplasts and starch synthesis in seeds of field and garden peas
Amyloplast development and changes in starch and amylose content in seeds of field and garden peas ( Pisum sativum ssp. sativum and ssp. medullare) was studied from flowering to maturity in view of a possible relationship between amyloplast form and starch composition.
Starch and amylose contents increased at different rates in both subspecies. In field peas starch content had reached the maximum (44 % in DM) 26 days after flowering with 45 % amylose in total starch. In garden peas, 25 days after flowering, starch content had only reached half of its maximum (32 % in DM) with an extremely high amylose proportion (88 %). At that growth stage form and size of amyloplasts were similar in both subspecies. There seems to be no tight relationship between form of amyloplasts and proportion of amylose in total starch.
But then, when amyloplasts abruptly increased in size those of garden peas disrupted suddenly. This disruption is not due to a high amylose content. Because in a cross-breeding of field and garden peas, which was also investigated, the amyloplasts had remained intact irrespective of a high amylose proportion (63 %). The disruption may be due to differences in arrangement of starch molecule and in structure of plastid envelope.     

橡子利用的研究（Ⅱ）：橡实淀粉制取草酸的研究

报道橡实淀粉制备草酸的工艺条件，讨论了硫酸浓度及用量、硝酸用量、氧化反应时间及温度对草酸得率影响，并对比分析了用橡实淀粉与用粮食淀粉制备草酸的经济技术差别，为草酸生产提供了一种新的原料。     

两系杂交稻籽粒充实度细胞学观察

从水稻颖果边缘向中部的胚乳细胞依次形成淀粉粒，且淀粉粒的数目和直径均依次减少。中部的胚乳细胞有两种情况（１）形成了少量淀粉粒后，细胞核解体消失，成为死细胞。淀粉粒的数目和直径保持在死亡前的状态．（２）还没有形成淀粉位前，细胞核已解体消失，成为死细胞。假如每个胚乳细胞中各自增加几个淀粉粒，且淀粉粒的直径增大，或者中部胚乳细胞能像边缘的胚乳细胞一样，那么，水稻大幅度增产是可能的．     

Colloid Oncotic Pressure and the Clinical Use of Colloidal Solutions

The synthetic colloids, dextran and hydroxyethyl starch, have only recently enjoyed widespread use in critically ill veterinary patients. Plasma proteins normally provide colloid oncotic pressure and, thereby, are the primary force responsible for retaining fluid within the vasculature. Abnormally low plasma protein concentrations, common in the critically ill patient, are associated with excessive fluid loss from capillaries and development of peripheral or pulmonary edema. Infusion of colloid solutions decreases the potential for and severity of edema in hypooncotic states. Dextran and hydroxyethyl starch solutions also provide other positive hemodynamic benefits and are a preferable alternative to crystalloid usage in the resuscitation of selected patients from hypotensive and hypovolemic states. Potential side effects of synthetic colloid infusion include anaphylactoid reactions, increased risk of bleeding, interference with cross matching, and acute renal failure. Knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for these adverse effects minimizes their occurrence.     

Effect of Defoliation on Growth and Physiological Developments in Tubers of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.)

The starch metabolism and hydrolytic enzyme activities in growing tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in response to defoliation were examined to elucidate the regrowth physiology of the plant. Effects of complete or partial defoliation imposed at 2 or 4 weeks (single defoliation), or 2 and 4 weeks (repeated defoliation) after emergence (WAE) on plant growth were studied.
Leaf area and leaf dry weight per plant in the control plots increased with time. In the mother tuber, dry weight and starch content were reduced by 16 % and 18 %, respectively, during the first 2 WAE, and then increased with time. Endoamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity of tubers (3.8 units g⁻¹ dry tuber) increased by 42 % during the first 4 WAE, but decreased rapidly up to 8 WAE.
Repeated defoliation significantly reduced the regrowth ability of nutsedge tubers when compared to single defoliation and the control. Repeated complete defoliation reduced the leaf area and leaf dry weight by 56 % and 69 %, respectively. The dry weights of mother tuber and total tubers 100 cm ⁻² were reduced by 41 % and 63 %, respectively, when compared to the control at 8 WAE. Endoamylase activity and starch content in the mother tuber in this treatment were reduced by 72 % and 56 %, respectively. Defoliation did not have any significant effect on the exoamylase activity.
Endoamylase is the major starch hydrolysing enzyme in tubers and the activity of this enzyme could be a limiting factor in regrowth of nutsedge tubers. Repeated complete defoliation effectively suppressed the regrowth of purple nutsedge.     

小麦淀粉合成酶基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

利用荧光定量PCR技术,对小麦淀粉合成酶基因(AGPase1、GBSSI、SSSIII、SBEI)进行了定量检测,分别建立了这4种淀粉合成酶基因和内参基因18s的Ct值与模板量之间的标准曲线和线性回归方程。运用所建立的方法对小麦籽粒4种淀粉合成酶基因在灌浆期间的表达变化情况进行了定量分析。     

Characterization of pre-gelatinized maize starch-zein blend films produced at alkaline pH

Biodegradable materials are considered as alternative to synthetic materials to alleviate the environmental burdens caused by petroleum based synthetic materials. Biopolymer blends have been extensively researched to improve the material properties of biopolymer-based materials for potential replacement of non-biodegradable materials. Compatible blends of pre-gelatinized maize starch (uncomplexed or complexed with stearic acid) and commercial zein in 0.1 M NaOH were used to produce the films. The effect of the ratio of uncomplexed starch, zein and starch complexed with stearic acid on the tensile, water vapour and oxygen barrier and thermal properties of the composite films were investigated. Blending zein with starch increased the tensile strength and reduced the tensile strain compared to starch films. Addition of starch complexed with stearic acid to the blend further increased the tensile strength and decreased the elongation at break. Both blending zein with starch and addition of starch complexed with stearic acid to the blend decreased the water vapour permeability, however, the oxygen permeability was increased compared to starch films. The starch-zein blend films had an endothermic temperature and thermal transition in between the uncomplexed maize starch and zein films suggesting possible compatibility at molecular level. The microstructure of the blend films also showed good miscibility of pre-gelatinized starch and commercial zein. In conclusion alkaline solvent (0.1 M NaOH) could produce compatible starch-zein blends that can produce films with improved tensile strength and water vapour permeability compared to starch films.     

我国木薯产业的发展趋势与市场分析

对我国的木薯种植，木薯淀粉(变性淀粉)，木薯酒精行业的发展现状进行阐述，展望其发展趋势。