Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.     

冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2～2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5～2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量及土壤钾素的影响

棉花是具无限生长特性的喜钾作物，为解决其生育期内多次追施钾肥和叶面喷施缩节胺的用工问题，实现轻简化种植目标，研究包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量、经济效益和土壤钾素变化特征的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为一次基施180 kg?hm-2包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（CRKMC）、减少30%钾素用量（126 kg?hm-2）的包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（70%CRKMC）、基施180 kg·hm^-2普通包膜氯化钾（CRK）、分次施用180 kg?hm-2普通氯化钾（KCl）和对照（CK，不施钾肥），后三个处理叶面喷施三次缩节胺。结果表明：等量施钾条件下，CRKMC和CRK较KCl籽棉产量分别增加8.81%和9.36%，经济效益分别增加15.53%和12.86%，70%CRKMC较KCl增产6.53%，增加净收入13.64%。CRKMC抑制棉花盛花期前的株高，提高后期株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量，使生物量较KCl增加18.56%~24.98%，提高钾素吸收量，表观利用率增加25.06~38.83个百分点。CRKMC中的钾素和缩节胺在土壤中呈“先慢后快而后趋于平缓”的规律，释放高峰出现在盛花期至始絮期，显著提高蕾期以后土壤中的速效钾含量。因此，土壤基施包膜含缩节胺氯化钾，可合理协调棉花生长势指标，满足钾素吸收需求，减少30%用量仍有较高的经济效益和钾素利用率，实现了缩节胺和钾素在同一时空条件下的一体化调控，有助于棉花减肥、高产和轻简化种植。     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

金安区农药安全使用调查

安全、合理使用农药是农业生产的重要环节,也对农业生态环境和农民的身体健康有着重要影响。通过对六安市金安区农药安全使用的调查,总结了普遍存在的问题。今后植保部门应加强示范、宣传、指导、培训工作,同时大力推广农作物病虫害专业化防治模式,保障农业健康发展,保护农村生态环境。     

长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换的深层土壤水环境效应

研究长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换后0~1 000 cm土壤含水量特征，分析了苹果园土壤干燥化和苹果园转换为农田后土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明：2、7、17、23、29 a苹果园200~1 000 cm的平均土壤含水量分别为22.8%、21.4%、16.8%、15.4%、14.9%。500~1 000 cm土层中，29 a苹果园平均土壤含水量（14.5%）高于23 a的果园（13.3%）；17~29 a的苹果园均表现为轻度干燥化；基于苹果园和农田转换后土壤水分变化情况估算，苹果园最大种植年限为21 a。苹果园转换为农田1、5、10 a后，农田200~1 000 cm土层土壤含水量分别为：15.3%、15.7%和16.2%，恢复到土壤稳定湿度以上的土层厚度分别为140 cm（1 a）、220 cm（5 a）和400 cm（10 a）。     

Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.