美国北阿巴拉契亚地区耕作措施和土地利用管理对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

Promoting soil carbon sequestration in agricultural land is one of the viable strategies to decelerate the observed climate changes.However,soil physical disturbances have aggravated the soil degradation process by accelerating erosion.Thus,reducing the magnitude and intensity of soil physical disturbance through appropriate farming/agricultural systems is essential to management of soil carbon sink capacity of agricultural lands.Four sites of different land use types/tillage practices,i) no-till (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) (NTC),ii) conventional till (CT) corn (CTC),iii) pastureland (PL),and iv) native forest (NF),were selected at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed Station,Ohio,USA to assess the impact of NT farming on soil aggregate indices including water-stable aggregation,mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD),and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents.The NTC plots received cow manure additions (about 15 t ha-1) every other year.The CTC plots involved disking and chisel ploughing and liquid fertilizer application (110 L ha-1).The results showed that both water-stable aggregation and MWD were greater in soil for NTC than for CTC.In the 0-10 cm soil layer,the ＞ 4.75-mm size fraction dominated NTC and was 46％ more than that for CTC,whereas the ＜ 0.25-mm size fraction was 380％ more for CTC than for NTC.The values of both MWD and GMD in soil for NTC (2.17 mm and 1.19 mm,respectively) were higher than those for CTC (1.47 and 0.72 mm,respectively) in the 0-10 cm soil layer.Macroaggregates contained 6％42％ and 13％ 43％ higher organic carbon and total nitrogen contents,respectively,than microaggregates in soil for all sites.Macroaggregates in soil for NTC contained 40％ more organic carbon and total nitrogen over microaggregates in soil for CTC.Therefore,a higher proportion of microaggregates with lower organic carbon contents created a carbon-depleted environment for CTC.In contrast,soil for NTC had more aggregation and contained higher organic carbon content within water-stable aggregates.The soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks (Mg ha-1) among the different sites followed the trend of NF ＞ PL ＞ NTC ＞ CTC,being 35％-46％ more for NTC over CTC.The NT practice enhanced soil organic carbon content over the CT practice and thus was an important strategy of carbon sequestration in cropland soils.     

生物炭引起的土体回弹变化：土壤质地和生物炭用量的影响

Biochars are,amongst other available amendment materials,considered as an attractive tool in agriculture for carbon sequestration and improvement of soil functions.The latter is widely discussed as a consequence of improved physical quality of the amended soil.However,the mechanisms for this improvement are still poorly understood.This study investigated the effect of woodchip biochar amendment on micro-structural development,micro-and macro-structural stability,and resilience of two differently textured soils,fine sand (FS) and sandy loam (SL).Test substrates were prepared by adding 50 or 100 g kg-1 biochar to FS or SL.Total porosity and plant available water were significantly increased in both soils.Moreover,compressive strength of the aggregates was significantly decreased when biochar amount was doubled.Mechanical resilience of the aggregates at both micro-and macro-scale was improved in the biochar-amended soils,impacting the cohesion and compressive behavior.A combination of these effects will result in an improved pore structure and aeration.Consequently,the physicochemical environment for plants and microbes is improved.Furthermore,the improved stability properties will result in better capacity of the biochar-amended soil to recover from the myriad of mechanical stresses imposed under arable systems,including vehicle traffic,to the weight of overburden soil.However,it was noted that doubling the amendment rate did not in any case offer any remarkable additional improvement in these properties,suggesting a further need to investigate the optimal amendment rate.     

Effect of location on starch content and tuber texture characteristics in potato breeding lines and cultivars

The texture of boiled potato tubers is one of the most important quality traits. The variation of tuber texture is usually examined in relationship with dry matter or starch content. The objective of the work was to examine variation and stability of texture and starch content in tubers grown in various environments. Both traits were evaluated for the set of potato breeding lines and 10 table potato cultivars. The lines were developed in the program of parental lines carried out in M?ochów Research Center, Poland. The environments were represented by three locations, which differed in cultivation system as well as climatic and soil conditions. The traits were influenced by the effects of genotype, location and their interactions. The effect of location on texture was not explained by the changes in starch content. The calculated stability parameters indicated that unstable expression of both traits was more pronounced and more frequent in breeding lines than in the cultivars. The short period of selection used in the development of the parental lines is not conducive to select potato genotypes with stable expression of quality traits. The starch content was at most moderately related with various characteristics of tuber texture.     

不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响

[目的]研究不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响,为认识红壤侵蚀过程和水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨强度、不同坡度对华南红壤坡面降雨产流过程和侵蚀产沙过程的影响。[结果](1)相同坡度条件下,坡面径流量、侵蚀产沙量均随着雨强的增大而线性增大;相同雨强下,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,而产沙量随着坡度的变化比较复杂;(2)雨强和坡度共同影响着坡面产沙过程,当雨强小于等于180mm/h时,产沙量随坡度的增加而增大,在240mm/h出时呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在15°附近出现临界坡度。在降雨初期,径流率表现为波动增加过程,15min后趋于平稳,一直持续到降雨结束,其中雨强为240,180mm/h时波动较为剧烈,而产沙率呈现急剧而短暂的上升后迅速下降,在大雨强、陡斜坡条件下此现象尤为明显;(3)坡面径流平均流速与单宽流量、坡度比存在显著的幂函数关系,流速与径流量、侵蚀产沙量有着类似的变化规律。[结论]红壤侵蚀过程中雨强为主要影响因素,坡面流速可作为表征红壤坡面侵蚀特征的重要因子。     

秦岭北麓陆地生态系统水源涵养功能的空间格局

[目的]对秦岭北麓陆地生态系统水源涵养功能空间格局进行分析,为该地区的水资源空间规划与管理,均衡各流域的水资源分配及城市经济发展等提供科学参考。[方法]基于InVEST模型从流域尺度分析秦岭北麓2000年和2010年的水源涵养能力与空间格局异质性,并对水源涵养能力的影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)2000年秦岭北麓水源涵养总量为4.02×10~9 m~3,平均水源涵养能力为242.37mm;2010年水源涵养总量为4.45×10~9 m~3,平均水源涵养能力为265.33mm。(2)黑河、石头河、灞河和浐河流域为秦岭北麓主要的水源涵养区,其高值区出现在黑河流域南部、石头河流域南部、神沙河流域、灞河流域南部小流域。(3)气候因子与水源涵养能力密切相关,土地利用/覆被通过植被面积变化影响到区域水源涵养功能的发挥,从植被类型来看,水源涵养贡献率最高的是落叶阔叶林;从土壤属性来看,棕壤的水源涵养贡献率最高。[结论]区域的水源涵养能力受气候、土地利用方式、植被覆盖及土壤条件等的综合作用而产生差异。秦岭北麓的水源涵养能力总体表现为越靠近秦岭主脊水源涵养能力越强。     

基于Mein-Larson入渗模型的降雨滑坡失稳破坏概率研究

[目的]评价降雨诱发浅层滑坡的失稳破坏概率,为相关研究提供理论依据。[方法]在引入并扩展了Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型的基础上,将Mein-Larson入渗模型与无限边坡稳定性方法有机结合,建立2种降雨情形(高强度短历时和低强度长历时)下降雨滑坡稳定性的确定性评价模型,然后再将蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法与降雨滑坡的确定性评价模型结合,建立降雨滑坡稳定性的概率评价方法。[结果]提出了1种降雨诱发浅层滑坡失稳的概率评价方法。[结论]概率评价方法可以描述降雨滑坡发生及发展过程中存在的不确定性,可以计算不同降雨情形下,不同降雨时刻降雨诱发边坡的失稳破坏概率。该方法的评价结果更符合边坡实际情况。     

适用于三峡水库中陡土坡消落区等高种植的土工结构模型

[目的]探讨在当前三峡库区面临的严峻生态环境下,采取何种适合的生态治理技术以解决库区生态环境安全问题,为三峡库区生态环境修复提供一定的参考依据。[方法]通过生态治理模型整体框架结构,提高中、陡土坡生态系统地表基底稳定性;通过等高种植平面绿化技术、土工格室垂直绿化技术,提高消落区植被覆盖率和土壤肥力;通过不同高层区段消落区适宜植物"乔—灌—草—藤(177~170 m)、"灌—草—藤"(170~160m)、"草—藤"配置(160~145m),对消落区的生物多样性、植被覆盖率及景观层次起提高作用。[结果]通过模型设计,将传统混凝土护坡技术与现代生态护坡技术相结合、等高种植平面绿化技术与土工格室垂直绿化技术相结合,实现了生物措施与工程措施的高度统一、系统稳定性与开放性的高度统一、植被覆盖率与景观层次的高度统一。[结论]该土工结构模型的应用对三峡水库中陡土坡消落区生态治理具有一定的参考价值和现实的应用前景。     

微生物砂浆防护粉土坡面的强度与抗侵蚀性影响因素分析

微生物砂浆表面防护处理是处理粉土边坡扬尘与水流侵蚀问题的新技术。采用微生物砂浆层对粉土表面进行防护处理试验,通过微型贯入试验、水稳定性试验以及模拟降雨冲刷试验,分析了微生物砂浆防护层厚度、CaCl_2和尿素混合胶结溶液浓度、喷洒处理遍数等参数变化对微生物砂浆表面防护层的强度、水稳定性和土壤剥蚀率等性能的影响规律。结果表明,微型贯入仪可用于微生物砂浆表面防护层的强度测定,防护层的强度、水稳定性随胶结溶液浓度和喷洒处理遍数的增长而提高,最小有效厚度为5 mm。采用浓度为0.50 mol/L胶结溶液喷洒4遍,厚5 mm的防护层能够达到贯入阻力310 kPa,防护强度比77.5,崩解率2.3%,浸水强度损失率5.4%,具备较高的强度和较好的抗崩解性与强度水稳定性。粉土边坡在微生物砂浆防护前后,土壤剥蚀率能够从大于29.6降至6.8 g/(m~2·s)以下。该研究表明,微生物砂浆层用于粉土表面防护具有较好的抗冲刷性;微生物诱导结晶的方解石形成包裹砂颗粒的胶结微结构,能够使表面防护砂浆层具备良好的抗水流侵蚀性。     

孤网下水轮机PID调速器抗速度饱和研究

水轮机调节系统稳定性对电网安全稳定运行具有重要意义,当电网容量较小或因事故处于孤网运行时,水轮机调节系统的作用显得尤为突出,但国内外多个水电站均出现了随负载扰动幅值增加系统调节品质迅速下降甚至发生频率发散振荡的现象。该文考虑调速器接力器速度限制等非线性因素,建立了水轮机调节系统仿真模型,在5%负载扰动下整定了调速器参数,当负载扰动幅值从5%增加至10%时衰减度从2.52%增加至8.84%,当负载扰动幅值增加至15%时系统调节过程发散,重现了孤网下水电机组随负载扰动幅值增加系统稳定性下降的现象,经过分析发现引起这一问题的主要原因是PID调速器的速度饱和,主要体现为接力器速度限制引起的比例项和积分项速度饱和。针对此问题,提出了1种抗速度饱和的微分优先型PID调节器,经改进后,负载扰动幅值分别为5%、10%以及15%时,衰减度分别为2.52%、2.19%以及1.79%,随负载扰动幅值增加系统稳定性无明显变化,表明改进调节器能够有效抑制调速器的速度饱和,大大降低了调节品质对负载扰动幅值的敏感性,并将该调节器应用在多布水电站的中,得到了满意的效果,该方法进一步完善了水轮机调速器的控制算法,具有重要的理论指导意义和工程应用价值。