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91.
在广州秋播玉米采用稻草覆盖与地膜覆盖和无覆盖相比,稻草覆盖的玉米产量和穗行数性状明显优越,穗长,行粒数,穗粗,千料重等性状也有较好的趋势。稻草和黑色地膜覆盖,均可减少杂草萌发,稻草覆盖处理中萌发的杂草,仍然会不断生长,但个体数量已大大减少。 相似文献
92.
Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly
impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal
forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover
types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating
large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the
lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting
a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted
for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions.
Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and
regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the
lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas
transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that
twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the
point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients,
as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands. 相似文献
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94.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(4):1363-1375
Overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation altering plant community composition, erosion and biodiversity. Little unanimity in the literature exists on the effects of livestock grazing on soil carbon and biodiversity, in part, due to uncontrolled grazing pressure from native and feral animals. Paired paddock contrasts at three, long‐term (>8 years) study locations in the southern Australian rangelands were used to examine the effects of managing grazing intensity through the use of exclusion fencing and rotational grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (TN), ground cover and biodiversity (flora and invertebrates). Grazing management had no effect on SOC or TN on grey soils (Vertisols), but for red soils (Lixisols), significantly higher levels of SOC were found for both the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10‐cm soil depths (0·3% and 0·27% respectively) and associated with increased TN. We found strong and consistent relationships among SOC and higher perennial (p < 0·001), higher litter (p < 0·05) cover and close proximity to trees (p < 0·05). Managing grazing intensity resulted in significantly higher perennial ground cover (p < 0·001) on Vertisols (8·9 to 11%) and Lixisols (12·5 to 15%) and higher plant diversity (both native and exotic) but negatively impacted invertebrate diversity, indicating trade‐offs between production and resources. We provide evidence that the effects of grazing management on SOC are mediated by ground cover and increased organic matter supply and/or reduced soil carbon redistribution (erosion), which indicates that the management of grazing intensity may provide a tool to avoid soil carbon loss in rangelands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes
under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora (red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter
of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental
stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment
transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7 g m−1 mm−1. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6 g m−1 mm−1 immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near
the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment
transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly,
was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003.
We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude,
based on comparisons with previous studies.
Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: August 16, 2002
Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211;
Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp
Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211;
Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, of Japan. We thank
H. Ujihara, S. Ujihara, and M. Ogasawara in Otoyo, Kochi, who provided the experimental stands used in this study. We also
thank K. Hirai, S. Kuramoto, E. Kodani, and the rest of the staff at the Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute, for their help in conducting the experiments.
Correspondence to:S. Miura 相似文献
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100.
为了减小岩工程分析计算的工作量和节约研究经费,须利用有限的室内实验样本的测定值,通过对有限实验样本数据的回归分析整理,确定岩石抗剪强度参数c、φ,进而估计岩体的抗剪强度c、φ.由于试验方法、试验条件等有一定局限性,因而,岩石力学参数的试验结果具有一定的不确定性.其不确定性包含随机性和模糊性.而用传统的数理统计方法处理岩石样本值,显然是不合适的,只有通过寻求最优的数学回归分析方法,来处理相关试验结果.笔者通过对硬岩变角度剪切实验和常规三轴压缩实验的数据回归分析,得到利用最小二乘法的抛物线回归分析结果和随机-模糊回归分析结果比较符合.因而,为了优化计算结果而又避免繁琐的计算,通常可以采用最小二乘法的抛物线回归分析计算代替随机-模糊回归分析相关结果. 相似文献